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Introduction
Chapter 1. The evolution of tourism. Tourism classification
Chapter 2. Religious tourism
2.1. Definition and types of religious tourism
2.2. Pilgrimage tourism
2.3. Types and features of pilgrimage
2.4. Religious tourism of excursion and educational orientation
2.5. Religious tourism industry
2.6. The Structure of Religion
2.7. Typology of modern religions
Chapter 3. Religious tourism in Christianity
3.1. Fundamentals of Christianity
3.2. Orthodox Church
3.3. Orthodox pilgrimage. Religious centers in Russia and CIS countries
3.4. The most famous monasteries of the Russian Orthodox Church in Russia and Ukraine
3.5. Foreign Orthodox centers, monasteries and churches of the Russian Orthodox Church
3.6. Christian shrines and the Holy Land
Chapter 4. Religious Tourism in Islam
4.1. The history of the emergence and foundations of the doctrine of Islam
4.2. Tenets of Islam
4.3. Territory of the spread of Islam
4.4. Religious objects of Islam
4.5. Hajj to Mecca
Chapter 5. Religious Tourism in Buddhism
5.1. The emergence and foundations of the doctrine of Buddhism
5.2. Buddhist holidays and ceremonies
5.3. Buddhism in Russia
5.4. Features and history of pilgrimage in Buddhism
5.5. Classification of holy places of Buddhism in India and Nepal
5.6. Pilgrimage centers of Buddhism in India and Nepal
5.7. Pilgrimage centers of Buddhism in Tibet
5.8. Other pilgrimage centers of Buddhism
Chapter 6. Business tourism
6.1. Geography of business trips
6.2. Congress and exhibition tourism
6.3. Incentive tourism
Chapter 7
7.1. The science of balneology
7.2. The origin and development of resorts
7.3. The history of the development of sanatorium business in Russia
7.4. Resorts and their typology
7.5. World famous medical resorts
7.6. The main methods of treatment and rehabilitation used in modern European resorts (on the example of Italy)
7.7. General principles for organizing treatment and rehabilitation at resorts
7.8. Examples of wellness programs offered at resorts
Chapter 8. Ecological tourism
8.1. Prerequisites for the emergence of ecological tourism
8.2. The impact of tourism on natural complexes
8.3. Definition of Ecotourism
8.4. Signs of ecological tourism
8.5. Types of ecological tourism
8.6. National parks, reserves and reservations
8.7. Accommodation facilities and ecological tourism
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
10.1. The history of the development of ski tourism
10.2. Popular world ski resorts
10.3. Climate features to consider when choosing a ski resort
Chapter 11
11.1. The concept of extreme tourism
11.2. Water sports of extreme tourism
11.3. Terrestrial types of extreme tourism
11.4. Mountain types of extreme tourism
11.5. Air types of extreme tourism
11.6. Exotic types of extreme tourism
Chapter 12
12.1. Sea cruises
12.2. river cruises
Applications
Annex 1. Principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism (Adopted by the WTO General Assembly (Santiago) on October 1, 1999)
Appendix 2. Federal Law "On the basics of tourism activities in Russian Federation"
Appendix 3
Annex 4. Communication of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs dated July 1, 2000 On new rules for performing a small (Umrah) and a large Hajj to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
Annex 5. Main provisions of the project federal law"About social tourism"
Literature

Babkin A.V. Special types of tourism

Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2008. - 252 p.

The proposed textbook is a series of lectures on the disciplines "International tourism" and "Special types of tourism activities", serves theoretical basis to study special types of tourism, such as religious, health-improving, ecological, ski, event, extreme, cruise tourism.

The training manual discusses in detail various approaches to the classification of tourism activities, analyzes the causes and prerequisites for the emergence of certain types of tourism, describes the centers and regions of special types of tourism, and gives practical examples of the formation of a tourist product for special types of tourism.

The manual is intended for university students studying in the specialties 080502.65 "Economics and management at the enterprise of tourism and hotel industry", 230800 "Socio-cultural service and tourism", employees of enterprises tourism industry.

Introduction

Chapter 1. The evolution of tourism. Tourism classification

Chapter 2. Religious tourism

Chapter 3. Religious tourism in Christianity

Chapter 4. Religious Tourism in Islam

Chapter 5. Religious Tourism in Buddhism

Chapter 6. Business tourism

Chapter 7

Chapter 8. Ecological tourism

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Applications

Literature

Babkin A.V. Special types of tourism

Introduction

International tourism plays an increasingly prominent role in the global economy. The beginning of the new millennium was marked not only by the rise of international tourism, but also by the emergence of new trends in the development of this industry. Statistics testify to the steady pace of tourism development. In 1950, the total number of tourists was 25 million, and tourism receipts - 2.1 billion US dollars; in 1987, according to the WTO, these figures amounted to 363 million and 150 billion, respectively. In 2000, the number of travelers reached 698 million, tourism receipts - more than 476 billion US dollars. In 2002, the number of tourists amounted to 702 million, foreign exchange earnings from international tourism reached 474 billion US dollars. In 2007, the number of tourists, according to the WTO, amounted to 898 million. In the world economy, tourism accounts for 6% of the world's gross national product, 7% of world investment, and 11% of world consumer spending. The increase in tourist flows and the resulting changes in the socio-economic, financial and other areas have become a significant factor in economic growth and progressive development international relations. The tourism sector is currently growing rapidly and by 2010 will approach 1 billion tourist arrivals.

At the same time, it should be noted the emerging changes in the tourism market, the emergence of new trends in the dynamically developing industry of international tourism. One of the main features of tourism development is the uneven distribution of tourist flows in different regions and countries of the world. Tourist flows are concentrated in several regions of the globe, and their movement is mainly intraregional in nature. Currently, the following proportions are observed in tourist flows: group tourists make up 25-35% of the total number of people traveling abroad; individual tourists, making up 65-75%, travel mainly to neighboring countries. The volume of travel for the purpose of recreation is increasing more dynamically compared to the volume of business tourism. However, it should be noted a significant increase in incentive tours. The researchers note that along with the growing demands of tourists for service, the tourist product itself is becoming more sophisticated, its labor intensity and capital intensity are increasing. This is largely due to the emergence of new types of tourism and the sustainable development of special types. In the past five years, the tourism industry has faced the acute problem of preserving and developing both recreational resources and tourism resources in general. This led to the emergence and development of such a type of tourism as ecological tourism. With the development of scientific and technological progress, urbanization, technocratization of life for a person, the natural landscape, clean water bodies, flora and fauna become more and more attractive. It is as a result of the craving for communication with nature that such a type of tourism as rural (rural) tourism has appeared. These special types of tourism are becoming massive, which poses the problem of regulating tourist flows. The reception of tourists in a destination is characterized by their concentration per 1000 inhabitants or per unit area. If the concentration of tourism exceeds permissible limits, the environment is damaged and the very untouched nature for which tourists come is destroyed. Along with the emergence of new types of tourism, such special types as religious, health-improving, business, and event tourism are steadily developing.

The textbook systematizes knowledge on the classification of tourism, the internal structure of tourism activities, the main special types of tourism. Target study guide consists in getting acquainted with the structure of special types of tourism, characterizing the territories and regions of their distribution, revealing the features of the practical organization of special types of tourism.

The textbook is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty "Economics and management at the enterprise of tourism and hotel industry".

Babkin A.V. Special types of tourism

A. V. Babkin

Special types of tourism

tutorial

Introduction

International tourism plays an increasingly prominent role in the global economy. The beginning of the new millennium was marked not only by the rise of international tourism, but also by the emergence of new trends in the development of this industry. Statistics testify to the steady pace of tourism development. In 1950, the total number of tourists was 25 million, and tourism receipts were 2.1 billion US dollars; in 1987, according to the WTO, these figures were 363 million and 150 billion, respectively. In 2000, the number of travelers reached 698 million, and tourism receipts - more than 476 billion US dollars. In 2002, the number of tourists amounted to 702 million, foreign exchange earnings from international tourism reached 474 billion US dollars. In 2007, the number of tourists, according to the WTO, amounted to 898 million. In the world economy, tourism accounts for 6% of the world's gross domestic product, 7% of world investment, and 11% of world consumer spending. The increase in tourist flows and the resulting changes in the socio-economic, financial and other areas have become a significant factor in economic growth and the progressive development of international relations. The tourism sector is currently growing rapidly and by 2010 will approach 1 billion tourist arrivals.

At the same time, it should be noted the emerging changes in the tourism market, the emergence of new trends in the dynamically developing industry of international tourism. One of the main features of tourism development is the uneven distribution of tourist flows in different regions and countries of the world. Tourist flows are concentrated in several regions of the globe, and their movement is mainly intraregional in nature. Currently, the following proportions are observed in tourist flows: group tourists make up 25–35% of the total number of people traveling abroad; individual tourists, making up 65–75%, travel mainly to nearby countries. The volume of travel for the purpose of recreation is increasing more dynamically compared to the volume of business tourism. However, it should be noted a significant increase in incentive tours. The researchers note that along with the growing demands of tourists for service, the tourist product itself is becoming more sophisticated, its labor intensity and capital intensity are increasing. This is largely due to the emergence of new types of tourism and the sustainable development of special types. In the past five years, the tourism industry has faced the acute problem of preserving and developing both recreational resources and tourism resources in general. This led to the emergence and development of such a type of tourism as ecological tourism. With the development of scientific and technological progress, urbanization, technocratization of life for a person, the natural landscape, clean water bodies, flora and fauna become more and more attractive. It is as a result of the craving for communication with nature that such a type of tourism as rural (rural) tourism has appeared. These special types of tourism are becoming massive, which poses the problem of regulating tourist flows. The reception of tourists in a destination is characterized by their concentration per 1000 inhabitants or per unit area. If the concentration of tourism exceeds permissible limits, the environment is damaged and the very untouched nature for which tourists come is destroyed. Simultaneously with the emergence of new types of tourism, such special types as religious, health-improving, business, and event tourism are steadily developing.

The textbook systematizes knowledge on the classification of tourism, the internal structure of tourism activities, the main special types of tourism. The purpose of the manual is to familiarize with the structure of special types of tourism, characterize the territories and regions of their distribution, reveal the features of the practical organization of special types of tourism.

The textbook is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty "Economics and management at the enterprise of tourism and hotel industry."

The evolution of tourism. Tourism classification

In modern domestic and foreign literature, many approaches have been developed to the definition of the concept of "tourism".

These approaches are based on various features and can be combined into several groups:

– tourism as temporary movement of people, their stay outside the permanent habitat and temporary stay at an object of tourist interest;

- tourism as a complex socio-economic system, the basis of which is a diversified production complex, called the tourism industry;

– tourism as a segment market economy, where various enterprises of the economic complex interact in order to offer a product that satisfies the tourist interest;

- tourism as temporary departures of citizens and stateless persons in their free time from their permanent place of residence for recreational, educational, professional, sports, religious, business, educational and other purposes for a period of at least 24 hours and no more than 6 months and without engaging in paid activities in a place of temporary residence.

The last definition of the concept of "tourism", in our opinion, is the most complete, since it takes into account all the features that distinguish tourism from travel and other types of movement. The most important feature that determines tourist movements is man's free time. Free time in tourism should be understood as the time of vacation, holidays, weekends and holidays, the time after retirement. Second the most important feature tourism - purpose of movement. These goals are clearly defined in the definition: health-improving, cognitive, professional, sports, religious, business, educational. The third sign establishes time frame of tourist movement– not less than 24 hours and not more than 6 months, which is extremely important for tourism statistics and the economics of the tourism industry. The fourth feature that characterizes tourist movements is inability to engage in paid activities in the place of temporary residence. This means that in addition to free time, a tourist must also have free money, which he is ready to spend on certain purposes related to rest and recovery of the body.

Modern tourism is, on the one hand, a young phenomenon, since it became massive only after the Second World War; on the other hand, tourism has deep historical roots, because travel has been known to mankind since ancient times.

Chapter 6. Business tourism

Geography of business trips

More than 100 million business trips are made annually in the world. Their territorial distribution is characterized by extreme unevenness. Most of the tourists with official purposes are sent to Europe. The structure of business trips on the European continent is dominated by business trips, congress tours, trips to exhibitions and fairs, incentive tours for employees of firms.

Ranking first in the world in terms of the number of arrivals and expenses for business tourism, Europe is nevertheless gradually losing its leading position in this segment of the tourist market. In terms of growth in business tourism, it lags behind other regions of the world, and the gap between them is widening. This trend was especially evident in the early 1990s. In the face of the economic downturn, firms moved to austerity policies. They reduced the number of trips by bundling several trips into one, introduced improved communication systems to resolve most issues on the spot, booked low-cost accommodation and purchased discounted air tickets. Unlike European firms, American firms continued to increase funding. Despite the unstable economic situation, they increased the cost of the business part of the trip, saving on the organization of leisure and entertainment for businessmen.

The typical business tourist is a middle-aged man with higher education, qualified person or manager. For business tourism prerequisite is English proficiency.

The main "supplier" of business tourists in Europe is Germany. Every year, over 5 million Germans go on business trips, of which 3% go abroad, 21% travel both abroad and in their own country, 76% make business trips in Germany.

The average duration of a business trip to countries located on another continent is 12-13 days, within a region - 5-6 days, and within one's own country - 3-4 days.

Among the European states that receive the flow of business people, there are (except Germany) Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland. A special place is occupied by Belgium with the main city of Brussels, which is also the capital of the EU. In France and Belgium, every tenth arrival is for business purposes, in the UK - every third.

A significant role in the business tourism market is played by the countries of Central and of Eastern Europe. With the beginning of perestroika in the social and economic life they have become a subject of interest for business circles in the West. In the first half of the 1990s in the post-socialist space, this segment of the tourist market has developed particularly dynamically. If the total number of tourist arrivals in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe increased from 1992 to 1995 by a third, then with official purposes - by 60%. As a result, the share of business trips in the tourist flow to the region was the highest in the world - about 30% in 1995. The exception was two countries: Romania, where the decline in business tourism in the mid-1990s. occurred due to rising inflation rates, and Bulgaria, which could not overcome a protracted crisis in the financial sector of the economy and the reduction national production. In the second half of the 1990s. in some countries of Eastern Europe, the initial euphoria in relations with the West has passed and given way to smooth business contacts. The growth rate of business travel has slowed down. Their share in inbound tourist flows has declined. Despite this, the WTO predicts an increase in the attractiveness of Central and Eastern Europe as a market for business tourism in the first decades of the 21st century.

Business tourism in the Americas is rapidly developing. Every eighth trip in the New World is made for official purposes. The main flows of business people are directed to the USA, Canada and Mexico, which are leaders in all segments of the tourist market in the Western Hemisphere. in these countries in the first half of the 1990s. the number of business trips has grown steadily, but at different rates. In the United States, the dynamics of business travel fit into the overall picture of the development of international tourism. In Canada, business travel has grown more slowly than leisure arrivals. In Mexico, the growth rate of business travel exceeded that of tourist arrivals as a whole.

The flow of business tourists is gaining momentum in Latin America. With the rise in the economy, the expansion and strengthening of trade ties, many countries in this region have strengthened their positions in the business tourism market. The number of arrivals for official purposes in Paraguay, Guatemala, Costa Rica is increasing. in Peru in the first half of the 1990s. the number of arrivals grew especially fast, but from a very low starting level, so this number is still insignificant.

Southeast Asia in the first half of the 1990s. characterized by an increase in the number of business trips, which determined the overall dynamics of tourist arrivals. In 1995, every fifth trip in the region was business. A third of arrivals were in Hong Kong (Hong Kong), Singapore and Taiwan.

In Hong Kong, the number of business trips for 1990-1995 doubled, exceeding 3 million. This positive trend was interrupted in 1997, when Hong Kong came under the jurisdiction of China. During the first three months after the transition, from July to September 1997, the number of tourist arrivals in the former British colony, including those for official purposes, decreased by 32% compared with the figure for the same period of the previous year. The percentage of hotel occupancy has decreased.

A genuine boom in business tourism in the mid-1990s. happened in Indonesia. A newly industrialized country of the second wave, it showed the highest growth rate of business arrivals in the region and by 1995 overtook Taiwan and Singapore in the number of business trips. The end of the "Indonesian miracle" was put by the financial crisis that broke out in Southeast Asia. It hit Indonesia particularly hard. falling rate national currency and the ensuing deep economic and political crises brought it to the brink of an abyss. The riots that engulfed Jakarta, the threat of food riots - all this led to the curtailment of business ties, the outflow of businessmen from the country. The tragic events of autumn 2002 led to a further outflow of tourists.

In Africa and the Middle East, business tourism is developing unevenly. Ups and downs in the dynamics of arrivals depend mainly on the political situation in the region. Early 1990s was relatively calm both on the African continent and in the Middle East, where the peace movement was gaining strength. As the situation stabilized, business activity unfolded. In the past few years, the political situation in the Middle East has heated up to the limit. Since the autumn of 2000, Israel has been living on the threshold of a full-scale war. Naturally, this led to a decline not only in educational, health-improving and religious tourism, but also in business.

In Africa, the Republic of the Congo, Zimbabwe and Ethiopia showed high growth rates of business tourism. In terms of arrivals in absolute terms, Egypt, the Republic of South Africa and Morocco were in the lead. In the Middle East, the main flows of business people rushed to the oil-producing countries (Saudi Arabia, etc.), as well as to Israel and Jordan.

A. V. Babkin

Special types of tourism

tutorial

Introduction

International tourism plays an increasingly prominent role in the global economy. The beginning of the new millennium was marked not only by the rise of international tourism, but also by the emergence of new trends in the development of this industry. Statistics testify to the steady pace of tourism development. In 1950, the total number of tourists was 25 million, and tourism receipts were 2.1 billion US dollars; in 1987, according to the WTO, these figures were 363 million and 150 billion, respectively. In 2000, the number of travelers reached 698 million, and tourism receipts - more than 476 billion US dollars. In 2002, the number of tourists amounted to 702 million, foreign exchange earnings from international tourism reached 474 billion US dollars. In 2007, the number of tourists, according to the WTO, amounted to 898 million. In the world economy, tourism accounts for 6% of the world's gross domestic product, 7% of world investment, and 11% of world consumer spending. The increase in tourist flows and the resulting changes in the socio-economic, financial and other areas have become a significant factor in economic growth and the progressive development of international relations. The tourism sector is currently growing rapidly and by 2010 will approach 1 billion tourist arrivals.

At the same time, it should be noted the emerging changes in the tourism market, the emergence of new trends in the dynamically developing industry of international tourism. One of the main features of tourism development is the uneven distribution of tourist flows in different regions and countries of the world. Tourist flows are concentrated in several regions of the globe, and their movement is mainly intraregional in nature. Currently, the following proportions are observed in tourist flows: group tourists make up 25–35% of the total number of people traveling abroad; individual tourists, making up 65–75%, travel mainly to nearby countries. The volume of travel for the purpose of recreation is increasing more dynamically compared to the volume of business tourism. However, it should be noted a significant increase in incentive tours. The researchers note that along with the growing demands of tourists for service, the tourist product itself is becoming more sophisticated, its labor intensity and capital intensity are increasing. This is largely due to the emergence of new types of tourism and the sustainable development of special types. In the past five years, the tourism industry has faced the acute problem of preserving and developing both recreational resources and tourism resources in general. This led to the emergence and development of such a type of tourism as ecological tourism. With the development of scientific and technological progress, urbanization, technocratization of life for a person, the natural landscape, clean water bodies, flora and fauna become more and more attractive. It is as a result of the craving for communication with nature that such a type of tourism as rural (rural) tourism has appeared. These special types of tourism are becoming massive, which poses the problem of regulating tourist flows. The reception of tourists in a destination is characterized by their concentration per 1000 inhabitants or per unit area. If the concentration of tourism exceeds permissible limits, the environment is damaged and the very untouched nature for which tourists come is destroyed. Simultaneously with the emergence of new types of tourism, such special types as religious, health-improving, business, and event tourism are steadily developing.

The textbook is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty "Economics and management at the enterprise of tourism and hotel industry."

The evolution of tourism. Tourism classification

In modern domestic and foreign literature, many approaches have been developed to the definition of the concept of "tourism".

These approaches are based on various features and can be combined into several groups:

– tourism as temporary movement of people, their stay outside the permanent habitat and temporary stay at an object of tourist interest;

- tourism as a complex socio-economic system, the basis of which is a diversified production complex, called the tourism industry;

- tourism as a segment of the market economy, where various enterprises of the economic complex interact in order to offer a product that satisfies the tourist interest;

The last definition of the concept of "tourism", in our opinion, is the most complete, since it takes into account all the features that distinguish tourism from travel and other types of movement. The most important feature that determines tourist movements is man's free time. Free time in tourism should be understood as the time of vacation, holidays, weekends and holidays, the time after retirement. The second most important feature of tourism is purpose of movement. These goals are clearly defined in the definition: health-improving, cognitive, professional, sports, religious, business, educational. The third sign establishes time frame of tourist movement– not less than 24 hours and not more than 6 months, which is extremely important for tourism statistics and the economics of the tourism industry. The fourth feature that characterizes tourist movements is inability to engage in paid activities in the place of temporary residence. This means that in addition to free time, a tourist must also have free money, which he is ready to spend on certain purposes related to rest and recovery of the body.

In the history of tourism development, it is customary to distinguish four stages:

Before early XIX in. - background of tourism;

Early 19th century - the beginning of the XX century. – elite tourism; the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourist services;

Early 20th century - before World War II - the emergence of mass social tourism;

After World War II - modern stage– mass social tourism; formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourists.

This periodization is based on the following criteria: technical and economic prerequisites, social prerequisites, target functions of tourism at different stages of development. At the first stage of tourism development, the main motives for travel were trade, educational purposes, pilgrimage and treatment. In the Middle Ages, the religious factor of travel increased - the worship of the shrines of Christianity and Islam. During the Renaissance, the religious component of tourism was somewhat weakened, while the educational and cognitive motives of travelers were strengthened. A feature of travel until the beginning of the XIX century. there was a primitivism of means of transportation; travel was not an end in itself, but a necessary condition for achieving the goal itself: trade, expanding the educational horizons, treatment, pilgrimage. All travelers were united by one quality: they were a minority, the elite of society.

The most important role in the development of tourism was played by revolutionary changes in the development of transport: the invention of the steamboat (by the American Robert Fulton in 1807) and the steam locomotive (by the Englishman George Stephenson in 1814), the improvement of the postal service, accompanied by the expansion of the road network in Europe. All this led to the reliability and speed of movement while reducing travel costs. In the middle of the XIX century. the first steamship companies appeared, which were the basis of cruise tourism. During the second stage of the development of tourism in society, processes such as a change in the ratio of working time and time for leisure take place. In Germany in 1873 paid holidays were introduced for the first time, there was a decrease in working time in favor of free time. Improving the quality and reliability of transportation, combined with their reduction in cost, as well as a gradual reduction in working hours, led to a significant increase in traveler flows. During this period, there are specialized accommodation facilities to serve travelers. In Germany, in 1801, the first-class Badischer Hoff hotel was opened in the city of Baden-Baden; in Switzerland, the Rigi-Clesterli hotel was built in 1812; Switzerland. During this period, luxurious hotels were built that served representatives of aristocratic circles and senior officers. In the second half of the XIX century. The tourism industry expanded the scope of its production: travel companies were added to the accommodation facilities, whose task was to organize tourist trips and sell them to the consumer. A textbook example is T. Cook's tourist bureau, created in the middle of the 19th century. In Great Britain. The first travel agency in Germany, Reisebüro Stangen, was founded in Breslau in 1863. This firm had close contacts with shipping companies and actively sold sea cruise tours. Starting from 1862, the first catalogs of tourist trips appeared, which reflected the process of expanding tourist demand.

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A. V. Babkin

Special types of tourism

tutorial

Introduction

International tourism plays an increasingly prominent role in the global economy. The beginning of the new millennium was marked not only by the rise of international tourism, but also by the emergence of new trends in the development of this industry. Statistics testify to the steady pace of tourism development. In 1950, the total number of tourists was 25 million, and tourism receipts were 2.1 billion US dollars; in 1987, according to the WTO, these figures were 363 million and 150 billion, respectively. In 2000, the number of travelers reached 698 million, and tourism receipts - more than 476 billion US dollars. In 2002, the number of tourists amounted to 702 million, foreign exchange earnings from international tourism reached 474 billion US dollars. In 2007, the number of tourists, according to the WTO, amounted to 898 million. In the world economy, tourism accounts for 6% of the world's gross domestic product, 7% of world investment, and 11% of world consumer spending. The increase in tourist flows and the resulting changes in the socio-economic, financial and other areas have become a significant factor in economic growth and the progressive development of international relations. The tourism sector is currently growing rapidly and by 2010 will approach 1 billion tourist arrivals.

At the same time, it should be noted the emerging changes in the tourism market, the emergence of new trends in the dynamically developing industry of international tourism. One of the main features of tourism development is the uneven distribution of tourist flows in different regions and countries of the world. Tourist flows are concentrated in several regions of the globe, and their movement is mainly intraregional in nature. Currently, the following proportions are observed in tourist flows: group tourists make up 25–35% of the total number of people traveling abroad; individual tourists, making up 65–75%, travel mainly to nearby countries. The volume of travel for the purpose of recreation is increasing more dynamically compared to the volume of business tourism. However, it should be noted a significant increase in incentive tours. The researchers note that along with the growing demands of tourists for service, the tourist product itself is becoming more sophisticated, its labor intensity and capital intensity are increasing. This is largely due to the emergence of new types of tourism and the sustainable development of special types. In the past five years, the tourism industry has faced the acute problem of preserving and developing both recreational resources and tourism resources in general. This led to the emergence and development of such a type of tourism as ecological tourism. With the development of scientific and technological progress, urbanization, technocratization of life for a person, the natural landscape, clean water bodies, flora and fauna become more and more attractive. It is as a result of the craving for communication with nature that such a type of tourism as rural (rural) tourism has appeared. These special types of tourism are becoming massive, which poses the problem of regulating tourist flows. The reception of tourists in a destination is characterized by their concentration per 1000 inhabitants or per unit area. If the concentration of tourism exceeds permissible limits, the environment is damaged and the very untouched nature for which tourists come is destroyed. Simultaneously with the emergence of new types of tourism, such special types as religious, health-improving, business, and event tourism are steadily developing.

The textbook is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty "Economics and management at the enterprise of tourism and hotel industry."

The evolution of tourism. Tourism classification

In modern domestic and foreign literature, many approaches have been developed to the definition of the concept of "tourism".

These approaches are based on various features and can be combined into several groups:

– tourism as temporary movement of people, their stay outside the permanent habitat and temporary stay at an object of tourist interest;

- tourism as a complex socio-economic system, the basis of which is a diversified production complex, called the tourism industry;

- tourism as a segment of the market economy, where various enterprises of the economic complex interact in order to offer a product that satisfies the tourist interest;

The last definition of the concept of "tourism", in our opinion, is the most complete, since it takes into account all the features that distinguish tourism from travel and other types of movement. The most important feature that determines tourist movements is man's free time. Free time in tourism should be understood as the time of vacation, holidays, weekends and holidays, the time after retirement. The second most important feature of tourism is purpose of movement. These goals are clearly defined in the definition: health-improving, cognitive, professional, sports, religious, business, educational. The third sign establishes time frame of tourist movement– not less than 24 hours and not more than 6 months, which is extremely important for tourism statistics and the economics of the tourism industry. The fourth feature that characterizes tourist movements is inability to engage in paid activities in the place of temporary residence. This means that in addition to free time, a tourist must also have free money, which he is ready to spend on certain purposes related to rest and recovery of the body.

In the history of tourism development, it is customary to distinguish four stages:

Until the beginning of the XIX century. - background of tourism;

Early 19th century - the beginning of the XX century. – elite tourism; the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourist services;

Early 20th century - before World War II - the emergence of mass social tourism;

After the Second World War - the modern stage - mass social tourism; formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourists.

World War I, economic depression of the 1930s and the Second World War had a negative impact on the development of tourism. But it was during this period between the two world wars that the sprouts of mass tourism appeared, which flourished in the post-war decades.

After the Second World War, tourism acquired a truly massive social character. The leisure industry began to form with its institutions, product, production cycle, methods of organizing and managing production. This is a period of mass construction of hotels, motels, and all kinds of entertainment establishments. Hotel chains expanded, hotel families appeared, there was a intensive growth both inbound and outbound tourism.

After the Second World War, fundamental changes took place in the supply and demand in the tourism market, which give reason to say that mass conveyor tourism began to gradually transform into a mass differentiated tourism. Conveyor tourism implies relative primitivism and homogeneity of the needs and motivation of tourists, the impersonal conveyor nature of the services provided. Differentiated tourism is distinguished by a diverse paradigm of needs and motivations of tourists, a plurality of highly specialized segments in tourist demand, a variety of services offered and a pronounced specialization. tourist offer. The transition from conveyor to differentiated tourism took place simultaneously with the transition from the producer market to the consumer market. It was at this time that new types of tourism were born, due to the individual extraordinary needs of tourists.

Tourism in modern world manifests itself in various phenomena, connections and relationships, which determines the need for its classification, i.e., grouping according to separate homogeneous features, depending on certain practical goals.

The most common classification of tourism is its division into types, categories, kinds and forms.

Type of tourism determined by the nationality of tourists.

– domestic tourism– travel of citizens within the state borders of their own country;

– inbound tourism– travel of non-residents within the state borders of any country;

- outbound tourism - travel of residents of one country to any other country.

These types of tourism are combined in different ways, forming the following tourism categories:

– tourism within the country includes domestic and inbound tourism;

– national tourism includes domestic and outbound tourism;

– international tourism includes inbound and outbound tourism;

Functional classification of types of tourism determined by the purpose of travel.

In accordance with these features, the following main types of tourism are distinguished:

- recreational;

– health-improving;

- informative;

- business;

- sports;

- ethnic;

- religious;

- transit;

- educational.

The most common are recreational and educational tourism.

Recreational tourism is very diverse and may include entertainment programs, hunting, fishing, musical and artistic creativity, attending sporting events as a spectator, etc.

Medical tourism due to the need to treat various kinds of diseases and improve the body after illnesses. Here we can talk about tours with an exclusively therapeutic purpose, for the treatment of any serious diseases, rehabilitation after injuries, accidents, surgeries and health-improving tours, in order to maintain youth, beauty and health, relieve stress and fatigue.

Cognitive (excursion) tourism includes trips to get acquainted with natural and historical and cultural attractions, museums, theaters, traditions of the peoples in the visited country. The trip may include educational and recreational purposes at the same time.

Business tourism covers travel for official or professional purposes without receiving income at the place of temporary residence. To this type of tourism, the WTO includes trips to participate in congresses, scientific congresses and conferences, production meetings and seminars, fairs, exhibitions, salons, as well as to negotiate and conclude contracts, install and adjust equipment. Business tourism includes: business trips, congress and exhibition tourism and incentive tourism(incentive - incentive, motivation). Incentive tourism is a trip provided by the management of the company to its employees free of charge as a reward for Good work. Incentive tours usually provide good quality all-inclusive service. The total share of business tourism is from 10 to 20% in the international tourist volume.

Sports tourism involves travel for sporting events in certain countries and regions. It, in turn, can be subdivided into professional and amateur tourism. How "special types of tourism" interests us amateur tourism, which can be subdivided as follows: winter and summer, as well as water, air, desert and mountain sports.

Ethnic tourism pursues the purpose of visiting the place of birth or origin of the family, as well as the place of residence of relatives and / or relatives. This type of tourism is called nostalgic (nostalgie tour). This type of tourism is of priority importance for countries where large diasporas of people from other countries live. For tourists from Germany, for example, trips to the Volga region are popular, and tourists from Finland to Karelian land, Lake Ladoga (about 500 thousand Finns were forced to leave these places during the hostilities of 1939–1945). Ethnic tourism is also widespread among the Chinese, whose diaspora numbers more than 60 million people.

Religious tourism based on the religious needs of people of different faiths. Religious tourism can be called the oldest, its roots go back to time immemorial. It has two main varieties: pilgrimage tourism(the spiritual and pilgrimage direction should be singled out separately) and religious tourism of excursion and educational orientation. Religious tourism in individual denominations has its own characteristics.

transit tourism in accordance with the recommendations of the WTO includes two varieties:

- movements of air passengers who do not enter the country, but only make a transfer to a connecting flight;

– movements of tourists who travel to their final destination with a short stopover to connect flights in third countries.

Educational tourism involves tours lasting from 15 days to 3 months in order to improve skills or deepen knowledge in certain disciplines. The most popular at present are educational tours with the aim of learning foreign languages or deepening the knowledge of a foreign language.

Depending on how you organize distinguish between organized and unorganized tourism.

Organized tourism involves a travel program for the tourist / tourists, developed and organized by the travel company in advance, according to their wishes and budget. The travel company pre-books and pays for all tourist services along the entire route, draws up all the necessary travel documents.

Unorganized tourism assumes that tourists themselves, without the participation and / or mediation of a travel company, organize their trip. They independently develop a trip itinerary, determine objects of excursion visits, plan places for overnight stays, draw up travel documents, etc. Unorganized tourism is very popular in the world. First of all, in countries whose citizenship allows you to travel to other countries without obtaining an entry visa (for example, citizens of the Schengen countries can move freely throughout Europe, US citizens also do not need an entry visa to the Schengen countries). Relatively short distances, a good transport network, the ability to freely cross the borders of neighboring states, the presence of many sightseeing objects and other important factors have influenced the fact that the share of unorganized tourism in Europe is 80%.

By travel time allocate the following types tourism: short (weekend tours, trips for up to 7 days), medium term (tours lasting from 9 to 12 days) and long-term (tours for a period of 15 to 30 days).

For the use of vehicles involved in the course of travel, the following types of tourism can be distinguished:

– railway;

– aviation;

- motor ship / water (sea and river);

– automobile;

- bus;

- bicycle;

– using other means of transportation.

By visit intensity tourism can be divided into permanent and seasonal.

Under permanent tourism should be understood as relatively uniform visits to tourist regions and sites throughout the calendar year.

Under seasonal tourism understand such visits to tourist regions, the frequency of which depends on the climatic conditions of the region and the subjective characteristics of the tourist site. Seasonal species include recreational tourism, congress and exhibition tourism. The type of tourism also influences the seasonality of tourism. There are high, middle and low seasons. The high season is characterized by the conditions for the most complete use of tourist resources by tourists. The seasonality of a particular type of tourism is significantly influenced by natural and climatic factors, national and religious holidays, vacations, mass events.

Depending on the age category of tourists the following types of tourism can be distinguished:

- children's;

- youth;

- middle-aged people;

- persons of the third age.

The World Tourism Organization has proposed the following gradation of tourists by age: children traveling with parents (under 15 years old), youth (15–24 years old), economically active young tourists (25–44 years old), economically active tourists of middle age (45–64 years old). years), tourists of the third age (from 65 years).

In the practice of the enterprises of the tourism industry, for the purposes of statistics, the following age categories are distinguished:

0-2 years - infant (baby);

3-12 years old - child;

14-18 years old - schoolboy;

18-25 years old - youth (students);

26-45 years old - adults;

46-65 years old - adults;

65 years and older - pensioners (third age).

For tourism planning, age is important in terms of travel motivation and financial support tourist trip.

By funding source tourism can be divided into commercial and social types.

Commercial tourism It is focused on the receipt of profit by tourist enterprises, is the main source for the development of production of services. In an effort to maximize profits, travel companies are constantly looking for the most optimal combination between the amount of costs and the final price of the tour product. The tourism services they provide are mainly targeted at middle- and high-income clients.

Social tourism is subsidized from funds allocated for social needs in order to create conditions for tourism for certain categories of citizens. Subsidies are allocated from both government and non-state funds as well as charitable organizations. The Manila Declaration states that “social tourism is a goal towards which society should strive for the benefit of less well-off citizens.”

The concept of social tourism is based on three main principles:

1) providing recreation for each member of society by involving low-income people in the tourism environment;

2) subsidizing tourist trips for poor citizens;

3) participation of state, municipal and public structures in the development of tourism.

This concept has been put into practice in Switzerland, Germany and France using vacation checks. In Russia, this type of tourism is realized through funds social insurance and is represented primarily by health tourism.

Recently, new types of tourism have appeared and are in demand: ecotourism, agrotourism, exotic-adventure and extreme tourism.

The emergence of these new types of services on the market is due to many factors: scientific and technological progress, which provides more and more opportunities for organizing trips, urbanization, in connection with which there is a desire to relieve stress and abstract from the routine of life, and with a certain stable income level that allows you to travel , there is a satiety from standard tourist programs.

primary goal ecotourism - familiarization of tourists with natural values, environmental education and education of people. A feature of the organization of this type of tourism is to ensure minimal impact on the natural environment when organizing trips, creating a network of ecological hotels, providing tourists with environmentally friendly food, etc. Ecotourism includes visits to ecologically clean natural areas (reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, botanical gardens, national parks) not altered or minimally altered by human activity. Within the framework of ecotourism, one can distinguish eco-educational tours, tours in ecosystems, photo hunting.

Agritourism (rural tourism, rural tourism) includes tourists visiting the countryside for the purpose of recreation and / or entertainment in ecologically clean (relative to urban settlements) areas. The prerequisites for its development, distribution and increasing popularity are: the growing level of urbanization, the availability of recreation for many at a low price, the possibility of eating environmentally friendly and healthy fresh products, the desire to be in nature.

The main motives for choosing a holiday according to the type of rural tourism can be considered the following:

- lack of funds for recreation in an expensive fashionable resort or hotel;

- an established way of life in rural areas;

- the need for recovery in the climatic conditions recommended by the doctor;

- proximity to nature and the opportunity to spend a lot of time outdoors, in the forest;

- the opportunity to eat environmentally friendly products;

- an urgent need for a calm, measured life;

– Opportunity to join other cultures and customs.

The organization of agro-tourism is provided by the following tasks: the creation of special "tourist villages", the formation of "rural tours" with accommodation and meals in village houses (families) located in ecologically clean areas. Agritourism "one day" is widespread in Canada and the United States. People can come to the countryside to the fields and plantations and collect the amount of fruit or vegetables they need. On the one hand, this is a kind of recreation and entertainment for people from the city, on the other hand, it saves them Money(fruits and vegetables, when harvested on their own, will cost much less than buying them in stores), and allows farmers to avoid the cash costs of transporting and selling the crop. In the United States, for example, young people before the Halloween holiday prefer to go out of town for a picnic with a company or family and choose their favorite pumpkin for a popular holiday on the field.

Exotic adventure and extreme tourism associated with visiting exotic places (islands, volcanoes, waterfalls, deserts, etc.) and adventure activities (jeep safari, rafting, diving, elephant, camel, balloon tours, etc.).

Special types of tourism can also include such a direction as timeshare. This type of tourism appeared on Russian market relatively recently, but has not gained much popularity due to the specific unsuitability for Russian citizens (for them, the main problem is obtaining entry visas to the country in which they purchased a timeshare, and significant financial costs when organizing a forced individual trip to their final destination) .

To special types of tourism include tours that are fully or partially characterized by the following features:

1) non-mass, rather rare types of tourism;

2) labor-intensive to create the final tourist product;

3) capital-intensive types of tourism;

4) tours that combine the features of various types of tourism;

5) new types of tourism due to secondary human needs;

6) types of tourism using non-traditional sources of financing.

To special, the most common types of tourism, that meet the above requirements include the following:

1) religious tourism;

2) business tourism:

– congress and exhibition tourism; – incentive tourism;

3) health tourism;

4) ecological tourism;

5) event tourism;

6) ski tourism;

7) extreme tourism;

8) cruise tourism.

The categories and number of special types of tourism are not set once and for all. As the needs of tourists change, new special types of tourism may appear, and at the same time, a number of special types of tourism can gradually move into the category of ordinary and familiar ones.

Security questions for chapter 1

1. On what grounds are the definitions of the concept of "tourism" developed?

2. Define the concept of "tourism".

3. List the main motives and goals of tourism.

4. What are the main stages of tourism development?

5. What is conveyor and differentiated tourism?

6. Name the main classification features of tourism activities.

7. What are special types of tourism?

8. Describe the most common special types of tourism.

9. Name the most massive types of international tourism.

10. What types of tourism are business tourism?

11. What is transit tourism? Give examples.