Each state has a number of features that researchers change using certain indicators. Their comparison and analysis allow us to draw conclusions about the development and state of the economy, demography, and geography. needed to determine the impact of each of them on the entire world order. The exchange of experience will make it possible to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the economic and social organization of states and improve performance.
Countries and territories
The economic definition of a country differs from the legal or even ordinary understanding of people.
The classification of countries can take into account both territorial units recognized by countries and those not. Such territories can conduct independent economic policy and taking into account their development. Therefore, they are taken into account when compiling the classification of countries according to the economic level of development. This applies to some island dependent territories of Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands. The country classification treats such areas as separate economic units.
Universal international organizations collect and analyze information about their member countries. They include almost all world states.
Principle of classification
Since the classifications of the countries of the world are carried out mainly by international organizations (UN, IMF, WB, etc.), the most common data collection systems are designed for the interests of these committees. Colored on the map below:
Green - economically developed countries;
Yellow - moderately developed states;
Red - third world countries.
For example, the World Bank collects information on the level of countries' economies. At the same time, the UN draws attention to their demographic and socio-economic situation.
Scientists, on the other hand, distinguish several main types of data collection and processing, which include the classification of the countries of the world.
According to the type of socio-economic system, there was a classification dividing the world into capitalist, socialist and developing states.
According to the level of development, countries are classified as developed and developing.
The geographical classification of countries takes into account the size and location of countries on the world map. Their number and structure of the population, natural resources are also taken into account.
Geographic classification
Determining and assessing the position of a country on the world map is quite important. From this you can build on other classifications. The location of the country on the world map is also relative. After all, the boundaries of a certain territorial unit can change. But all changes and existing conditions can influence the conclusions about the state of affairs of a particular country or area.
There are countries with a very large territory (Russia, USA, Canada, India), and there are microstates (Vatican, Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco). Geographically, they are also divided into those with and without access to the sea. There are continental and island countries.
The combination of these factors often determines the socio-economic situation, which displays the classification of the countries of the world.
Population classification
To build a system of world order, it is also important to take into account the classification of countries by population. It implies a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the demographic situation.
According to this point of view, all states are divided into countries with a large, medium and small population. Moreover, in order to draw adequate conclusions about this indicator, the number of people per territorial unit is calculated. This makes it possible to estimate the population density.
The population is considered in terms of its growth. Compare birth and death rates. If the population growth is positive, this indicates an excess of births over deaths, and vice versa. Today, growth is observed in India, the USA, Great Britain and a number of African countries. The decrease in the population - in the countries of Eastern Europe, Russia, the Arab states.
The classification of countries by population is based on the demographic structure. The proportion of the able-bodied, educated population, as well as nationality, is important for analysis.
Economic Development Classification
The most common classification, used by many organizations and world research institutes, is based on economic development countries.
The development of this typology was carried out on the basis of many years of research. It is constantly being developed and improved.
All world states, according to this approach, can be divided into highly, medium and underdeveloped economically areas. This is the most widely used method. The classification of countries by level of development does not take into account post-socialist and
Based on the presented typology, international organizations draw conclusions about the appropriateness of financial assistance to the most
Each of these groups has its own subtypes.
Economically developed countries
The group of developed countries includes the USA, Canada, Western Europe, South Africa, the Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand.
These countries have a high economic level of development and significant influence on the political situation in the world. Their role in general trade relations is predominant.
Classification of countries according to the level distinguishes this group of countries as the owners of high scientific and technical potential.
The most influential countries in the global economy are the highly capitalist countries, six of which are members of the G7. These are Canada, USA, Great Britain, Germany, Japan, France, Italy. They have a narrower specialization in highly developed small countries (Austria, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, etc.).
The socio-economic classification of countries in the group under consideration singles out a separate subgroup. These are South Africa, New Zealand, Israel, Australia. All of them once were They have agrarian and raw material specialization in world trade.
Medium developed economically countries
Classifying countries according to the development of economic relations, they distinguish a group historically and socio-economically different from the previous typology.
There are not many such states, but they can be divided into certain types. The first group includes countries that develop independently and have reached an average level in the sphere of management. Ireland is a prime example of such a state.
The classification of countries according to the level of economic development singles out the next subgroup of the states that have lost their former influence on the world economy. They are somewhat behind in their development from the highly capitalist states. According to the socio-economic classification, this subgroup includes such countries as Greece, Spain, Portugal.
Developing countries
This group is the largest and most diverse. It includes countries that have a number of difficulties in the sphere of economic relations, both internal and external. They lack skills and qualified personnel. The external debt of such countries is very large. They have a strong economic dependence.
The classification of countries by development also includes states in whose territory wars or interethnic conflicts are fought. They predominantly occupy low positions in world trade.
Developing countries supply other states mainly with raw materials or agricultural products. There is a high level of unemployment and a lack of resources.
About 150 countries belong to this group. Therefore, there are subtypes here that deserve separate consideration.
Types of developing countries
The classification of countries by economic development in the group of developing countries distinguishes several subgroups.
The first of these are the key countries (Brazil, India, Mexico). They have the greatest potential among similar states. Their economy is highly diversified. Such countries have significant labor, raw materials and economic resources.
The young liberated states include about 60 countries. There are many oil exporters among them. Their economy is still developing, and in the future its condition will depend only on the socio-economic decisions taken by the authorities. These states include Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Libya, Brunei, and Qatar.
The third subgroup are countries with relatively mature capitalism. These are states where the dominance of the market economy has been established only in the last few decades.
Classification of countries relative to mature capitalism
In the subgroup of countries with relatively mature capitalism, a number of subtypes are distinguished. The first includes states of the resettlement type with the early development of dependent capital (Argentina, Uruguay). Their population is quite high, which is made possible by a series of new reforms.
The classification of countries in the subgroup under consideration singles out the states of large enclave development of capitalism. Foreign injections into the economy are massive due to the export of raw materials from large mineral deposits.
The next subspecies characterizes the countries of externally oriented opportunistic development of capitalism. Their economy is geared towards exports and import substitution.
There are also countries of concession development and countries-"landlords" of the resort type.
Level of GDP and GNI
There is a common classification according to the level of GDP per capita. It distinguishes the central and peripheral regions. The central states include 24 states, the total level of GDP in world production of which is 55% and 71% in total exports.
The group of central states has a GDP per capita of about $27,500. The countries of the near periphery have a similar figure of $8,600. Developing countries are relegated to the far periphery. Their GDP is only $3,500, and sometimes even less.
The economic classification of countries used by the World Bank uses GNI per capita. This makes it possible to single out 56 countries in the group of countries with the considered high indicator. Moreover, the states of the G7, although they are included in it, are not in the first places.
The average level of GNI was recorded in Russia, Belarus, China and in 102 other countries. Low GNI is observed in the states of the far periphery. This included 33 states, including Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
UN classification
The United Nations has singled out only 60 developed countries that have high rates in the field of market relations, scientific and technological progress, and production efficiency. The organization also takes into account the level of rights and social standards of the population. The per capita GDP in these countries is over $25,000. According to this indicator, Russia is also among the developed countries. However, the qualitative indicators of economic and social processes do not allow us to consider the Russian Federation, according to the UN, a developed country.
All post-socialist countries are classified by the organization as states with economies in transition. The rest of the countries that were not included in the previous two groups are classified by the UN as developing countries that have problems in the socio-economic sphere to a greater or lesser extent.
The listed factors and characteristics make it possible to group states into certain subspecies. The classification of countries is a powerful tool for comparative analysis, on the basis of which it is possible to plan and improve their situation in the future.
Independent work No. 1
Classifications and typologies. More than 230 countries and territories are represented on the modern political map of the world, of which more than 190 are sovereign states. Among them there are countries with a large territory and population (China, India, Russia, USA) and very small ones, such as the “small” states of Europe: Monaco, Andorra, Vatican, Liechtenstein. There are single-national countries (Japan, Sweden, Germany, etc.). And there are multinational countries (India, Russia, Nigeria, USA, etc.). Some states occupy an entire continent (Australia), while others are located on a small island or group of islands (Nauru, Malta, Cape Verde, etc.). There are countries rich and poor in natural resources. There are countries that have access to the open sea and long maritime borders (Russia, Canada, the USA, China, etc.) and do not have this advantage, i.e. inland countries (Chad, Mali, Central African Republic, Paraguay, Mongolia, etc.). To a very large extent, the peculiarities of the geographical position of the country affect the level of its socio-economic development.
Thus, according to one or another sign (quantitative or qualitative), all countries of the world can be divided into groups, classified according to one of the signs. The most famous in the scientific literature are the classifications of the countries of the world (and not the typologies).
For example, the World Bank classification, according to which countries are divided on the basis of the level of income of the population (gross national income per capita) into countries with low, middle and high income levels. With some degree of approximation, it can be said that in this classification (or rating), economically highly developed states are classified as countries with a high level of income. And the low-income group is dominated by developing (or less developed) countries.
It should also be noted that from the point of view of the indicators used in such classifications, socialist China is also included in the group of developing countries. At the same time, China, India and Brazil are called the largest developing countries in the world, having a high status in the world reference system, but which are characterized by low per capita incomes.
It should be understood that the classification of countries is not a typology. After all, each country in the world has its own unique features of development. And now, by identifying some features similar to other states, it is possible to single out certain types of countries that will differ from countries of a different type. The type of a country is actually formed by a set of conditions and features of development, which, on the one hand, make it related to a group of countries, and on the other hand, distinguish it on some basis. The very existence of types of countries, their historical evolution are the result of the fact that development in the world takes place in individual countries and regions at different rates, in different conditions and in different ways.
At the same time, it is impossible to distinguish types of countries only on the basis of one or several criteria, although very important for all countries, for example, on the basis of GDP, the level of development of the state or the wealth and well-being of residents (in this case, we will have a classification of countries of the world based on or other quantitative indicator). The creation of a typology is preceded by a huge statistical work. A selection and comparison of a large number of economic, demographic and social indicators characterizing the countries of the world is carried out. Next, you need to find similarities that will help to distribute states into separate groups. Further, the typological characteristics of the countries of the world will be considered (the economic-geographical typology of the scientists of Moscow State University, known as the typology of V.V. Volsky and which his students constantly modify).
Existing typologies take into account the level of development of countries, or the level of income and quality of life of the population, or the level of humanitarian development, and so on. In any case, typologies should take into account a large number of indicators and characteristics, including the level of economic and social development of states, historical and political aspects, such as the level of development of democracy, etc.
Economic-geographical typology. For a long time in the scientific literature, a typology was used that divided states into groups according to the principle of belonging to a particular socio-economic formation. These were two types of countries: capitalist (with a market economy) and socialist (with a centrally planned economy) countries. After the Second World War, developing countries (or “third world countries”) began to be singled out as a special group. They, who were previously colonial and dependent territories, having gained political independence, embarked on the path of independent development and could follow both the capitalist scenario of economic development and the path of building socialism. However, with the collapse of the socialist system in the early 1990s, this typology became outdated.
Currently, according to the economic and geographical typology, which takes into account the level and nature of socio-economic and political development, there are three groups of countries in the world:
1) economically highly developed states;
2) countries with a "transitional economy" (post-socialist) and socialist countries,
3) less developed countries (or according to the UN terminology “developing countries
1. Economically highly developed states. They are characterized by a mature level of development of market relations. Their role is great in world politics and economics, they have a powerful scientific and technical potential. At the same time, they differ from each other in scale, history and level of economic development, etc. Therefore, several subtypes can be distinguished within this group:
1.1. The main capitalist countries: USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy. In fact, these are the countries of the "big seven", excluding Canada, which in the typology is assigned to another subtype (to the countries of "resettlement" capitalism).
These are the most developed countries with the highest economic, scientific and technical potential. Although they differ from each other in the features of their development and economic power, they are all united by a very high level of development and the role they play in the global economy. In fact, these countries are already at the post-industrial stage of development, as are the representatives of the next subgroup.
1.2. Economically highly developed small countries of Western Europe: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, the Netherlands, Norway, Finland, Switzerland, Sweden, etc.
These states have reached a high level of development, but, unlike the main capitalist countries, they have a much narrower specialization in the international division of labor. They send to the foreign market up to half (or more) of their products. In the economy of these countries, the share of the non-productive sphere (banking, the provision of various kinds of services, the tourism business, etc.) is very large.
Of particular note in this subgroup is the smallest (or “dwarf”) countries of Western Europe: Liechtenstein, Monaco, Andorra, San Marino, Vatican City, which characterize a very modest size of territory and population.
Somewhat different from the rest are such states as Spain, Greece, Portugal. In the past, these states played a very important role in world history. So, in the era of feudalism, it was Spain and Portugal that had huge colonial possessions. But, despite the well-known successes in the development of industry and the service sector, in terms of the level of development, these countries generally lag behind the states classified in the first three subgroups. All of them are members of the European Union, and highly developed states are their main trading partners.
1.3. Countries of "resettlement" capitalism: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel.
In these territories, capitalist relations arose and developed thanks to the activities of immigrants from Europe. These countries were formerly British colonies. But unlike the United States, which was also a colony at one time, the development of this group of countries had some peculiarities. Even now their place in the international division of labor is special. Despite the high level of development, most of these countries retain their agrarian and raw material specialization in the world economy, which was established even when they were colonies. However, it is not identical to the agrarian and raw material specialization of developing countries, as it is combined with a highly developed economy.
For example, Canada, in terms of the type and historical features of its economic development, differs from the main capitalist countries (although, according to political scientists, it is included in the "big seven" of economically highly developed countries). Israel is a state that was formed after the Second World War on the territory of Palestine (which was under the mandate of the League of Nations under the control of Great Britain). The economy of this country developed due to the skills and financial resources of immigrants who returned to their historical homeland, and the help of economically developed countries. Australia and New Zealand are typical countries of “settlement capitalism”, where success in the economy was achieved not by the local population, but by immigrants from the UK and other countries. The situation is somewhat different only in South Africa, but even in this country, economic development was achieved through the development of capitalist relations and the means of the former metropolis (Great Britain).
2. Countries with a "transitional economy" (post-socialist) and socialist countries. This group includes the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro); all republics of the former USSR (including Russia) and Mongolia.
Previously, they all built a socialist society under the leadership of the Communist Party. Their main distinguishing feature was a centrally planned economy. In other words, for many decades (even in the Eastern European states immediately after the Second World War, the socio-economic formation changed, private property was abolished, enterprises were nationalized), this group of countries developed in one direction, exercising their economic ties within the socialist world market, within the framework of the Council of Economic mutual assistance (CMEA), closely cooperating in the military-political sphere (within the framework of the Warsaw Treaty Organization) under the great influence of the USSR. For the same reason, in our opinion, this group should also include those countries that are still socialist (Cuba, the People's Republic of China, the People's Republic of Vietnam, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea).
The main typological feature in identifying this group of countries is the experience of building a socialist society with a monopoly of state property, directive central planning of the economy, with the ideological foundations inherent in this system, different from those in capitalist countries (states with a market economy).
After the collapse of the USSR and the entire system of socialism in the early 1990s, most of the states of this group underwent very significant changes in politics and economics. All of them, with varying degrees of success, are included in the global system of market relations. The transformation processes in these states go beyond the standard reforms, as they are deep and systemic. In the 1990s, when the socio-economic structure changed during the transition “from plan to market”, in most of these countries a very deep decline in production and crisis phenomena in the level of economic development and the standard of living of the population were noted.
It should be noted that very significant shifts are also being observed in the economy and politics of the four socialist countries (especially in the People's Republic of China). Very noticeable changes are also taking place in these states.
It is appropriate to clarify here once again that according to the World Bank classification (not a typology!) China is now classified as a developing country (most likely due to low economic indicators per capita). That is why the statistical indicators of the three groups (types) of countries very often differ - developed, developing and post-socialist (it all depends on which group the rapidly developing China with a population exceeding 1.3 billion inhabitants, a huge development potential and the second largest economy ).
Characteristically, some of the countries with low per capita incomes also declared their desire to acquire the status of a developing country (for example, such a statement was made by the republics of the former Yugoslavia, Vietnam, the Central Asian republics of the CIS). This gives them the right to receive preferential loans and various types of assistance from international banks and funds.
3. Economically less developed countries (“developing countries”) This is the largest and most diverse group of countries. For the most part, these are former colonial and dependent countries which, having gained political independence, fell into economic dependence on the countries that were previously their mother countries.
These countries have underdeveloped education and health systems. The situation in many of them is aggravated by civil wars and inter-ethnic conflicts. In the international division of labor, they occupy far from the best positions, being mainly suppliers to the world market of raw materials and agricultural products. In addition, in all countries of this type and no development, due to the rapid growth of the population, the social situation of large masses of residents is deteriorating, there is an excess of labor resources, demographic, food and other global problems are especially acute.
Despite common features, the countries of this group differ from each other, for example, Brazil, Mexico, India, which have the largest resource, human and economic potential among developing countries.
The group of developing countries is the states of different regions of the world - from the states of Latin America, which gained political independence in the first quarter of the 19th century, to the Arab Asian countries and states in Oceania, where the dominance of capitalist relations has been established only in recent decades.
Among the whole variety of countries in the group of developing states, it is necessary to single out a group of the least developed countries of the world (according to the UN list, there are about them). In Asia, these are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Yemen, Cambodia. Laos, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal. In America, Haiti. In Africa - Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Djibouti, Zambia, Cape Verde, Congo, Comoros, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial "hoarfrost, Eritrea, Ethiopia. In Oceania - Vanuatu, Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Samoa.
These are the countries with the lowest level of development. They are very weakly involved in the international division of labor (mainly due to agricultural and raw material exports from a small number of internal enclaves that are more developed compared to the rest of the country's territory) or are not involved at all. Their backwardness is expressed in the actual inability to provide the necessary minimum of essential needs of the rapidly growing population. They lag behind in all ionic socio-economic indicators. At the same time, they are also far from developed countries, as they were many decades ago. These states are provided with financial and humanitarian assistance by the UN and many developed states.
Abstract on the topic:
"Types of countries of the world according to the level of their economic development"
Content
Introduction p.3
1. Typology of the countries of the world p.4
2. Economically highly developed countries p.5
3. Developing countries p.7
4. Countries with economies in transition p.9
Conclusion p.11
References p.13
Introduction
Today, there are more than two hundred countries on the globe. They differ in territory, location, climatic conditions, cultural traditions, political regimes and many other features, including the level and pace of socio-economic development.The modern development of the world is characterized by the need for close cooperation between countries, both in the economy and in terms of jointly solving the global problems of our time by the joint efforts of all countries and the growing need for global regulation of international life. Along with the integrity and unity inherent in the world economy, there are also internal contradictions in it. Basically, these are contradictions between groups of countries. Therefore, the study of the diversity and patterns of development of the modern world is of great importance. Since the study of each country separately on the scale of the world economy is inappropriate, the typology of countries according to the level of economic development is of great importance. The most complete picture of the groups of countries in the international economy is given by the data of universal international organizations. The assessment by these organizations of the role and place of individual countries in the world economy is somewhat different, since the number of member countries of these organizations is different and the goals and objectives of these organizations are different. The modern world economy, its features and development trends, are associated with the transition to a new, post-industrial way of social production, seeking to combine the achievements of modern scientific and technological revolution with an increasingly socially oriented market mechanism.
The aim of the work is to consider the classification, based on indicators of the level of economic development, of various groups of countries.
1.Typology of the countries of the world
Until the beginning of the 1990s, it was customary to divide all countries of the world into three types: socialist, developed capitalist, and developing. After the collapse of the world socialist system, this typology was replaced by others. One of them, also three-term, divides all countries of the world into economically highly developed, developing and countries with economies in transition, i.e. transitioning from a centrally planned to a market economy (primarily the post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS).
Along with this, a two-term typology is widely used with the division of all countries into economically developed and developing ones. The main criterion for such a typology is the level of socio-economic development of a particular state, expressed through the indicator of GDP (gross domestic product) per capita .world economy classificationThe UN (United Nations Organization) and other international organizations have begun to use a new synthetic indicator of the level of socio-economic development of the countries of the world - the Human Development Index (HDI). It takes into account not only the level of per capita income of people, but also their average life expectancy, as well as their level of education. Canada, the United States, the Nordic countries and Japan have the highest HDI scores, while the African countries of Burundi, Sierra Leone and Niger have the lowest.(4)world economy classification country
Various classifications are used to group countries in the world economy. The most famous is the classification according to the level of economic development and socio-economic indicators (otherwise UN classification).The classification adopted by the UN - this division of the countries of the world into "developed countries", "developing countries" and "countries with economies in transition" brings together extremely different countries into one group. (2)
2.Economically highly developed countries
The group includes about 40 states - these are the states of North America, Western Europe and the Pacific (USA, Canada, Germany, South Africa, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark ...)
The criteria for inclusion in the group of developed countries are indicators:
High level of socio-economic development;
Openness of the economy;
Market system of management;
The predominance in the process of production of GDP of the service sector over industry and agriculture;
The transition of industry from extractive and material-intensive industries to new high-tech and science-intensive industries;
High level of mechanization and productivity of agricultural production.
The share of developed countries accounts for more than half of the production of all industrial products of the world, the majority of foreign direct investment. They form the three main economic "poles" of the world - Western European centered in Germany, American centered in the US and Asian centered in Japan.
Over the past decades, the role of these states in the global economy has changed significantly. Thus, the share of Japan in the world's GDP has almost doubled, while the share of the United States has slightly decreased.
Economically advanced countries of Western Europe - this Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Iceland, Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, Norway, etc. These countries are characterized by high per capita income and high quality of life, political stability. The high-tech industry works mainly on imported raw materials, most of the products are exported. In the GDP of these countries, a large share of income received from the service sector - banking and tourism.
Another typological group iscountry"resettlement" capitalism. These are Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa - the former colonies of Great Britain. Ethnic composition The population in these countries was formed with the decisive role of migration, primarily from the metropolis (Great Britain) and other countries of the world. Companies of the former metropolis or other economic giants play a leading role in the economies of these countries. Compared to other economically developed countries, the mining industry, as well as the export of raw materials and agricultural products, is very important in their economy. Israel belongs to the same type of countries, its population was formed due to the return of Jews to their historical homeland - the land of Palestine. (1)
Among the economically developed countries, there are alsocountry“intermediate level” development. This group includes: Greece and Ireland (for a long time were dependent on Great Britain), as well as Spain and Portugal (the loss of colonies led to a weakening of their economic power). The entry into the European Economic Community (EEC - now the EU) of Spain, Portugal, Greece contributed to an increase in economic growth in the 1980s and 90s and an increase in economic development, an increase in the standard of living of the population.
One of the main features of developed countries is a relatively even distribution of income, as well as a relatively even economic development of the territory. They are characterized by a socially oriented economy, in particular, support for low-income segments of the population (pensioners, students, the disabled, etc.). Large investments in science and the introduction of its achievements into production determine the high intellectual level of labor, high percent spending on medicine, education, culture. The costs of environmental protection are also significant. In industrialized countries, the role of the "lower" floors of the industry (traditionally extractive industries) is falling, while at the same time increasing production in the "upper floors" due to the development of high-tech industries.
3. Developing countries
Most countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America are developing countries, or third world countries. They represent a special group of states, distinguished by their originality. historical development, socio-economic and political specifics. The group unites about 150 states. Speaking about their similarities, it is necessary to note the colonial past and the associated signs of inclusion in this group are:
The presence of a multi-structural economy with various forms of ownership;
Relatively low level of development of productive forces;
Dependent position in the world economy;
Predominantly agrarian-raw material orientation in economic development and export monoculture;
Poverty and poverty of a significant part of the population.
However, these countries are different, so this group is divided into subgroups:
a) New industrial countries(NIS) is South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, etc.
The newly industrialized countries are playing an ever-increasing role in the export of manufactured goods to the developed countries. The rapid development of NIS in recent decades, high GDP growth rates and high competitiveness of their products lead to the fact that the US customs authorities begin to refuse them preferential treatment, which is provided to developing countries.
b) Energy exporting countries included in OPEC are Iran, Iraq, Venezuela, Algeria, Libya, Kuwait, UAE, Saudi Arabia, etc.
Their characteristic features are: a high per capita income, a solid natural resource potential for development, an important role in the market of energy raw materials and financial resources, and an advantageous economic and geographical position. The ratio between oil revenues and population creates specific conditions for the accumulation of gigantic wealth.
c) Countries with an average level of development are Egypt, Tunisia, India, Kenya, Sinegal, etc. These countries are mainly with vast territories and populations, natural resource potential and economic development opportunities. They occupied a prominent place in the system of international economic relations and caused a powerful influx of external resources in the form of investments of foreign capital. But the low values of production and consumption per capita noticeably hamper their socio-economic development.
d) Third world countries (least developed countries) - these are the countries of Africa, Latin America, South Asia, Afghanistan, Haiti, Zambia, Laos, Nepal, etc. Some of them have no access to the sea and are poorly connected with the outside world. These countries have extremely low per capita incomes, pre-industrial forms of work predominate everywhere, and agriculture dominates the economy. It is these countries that form the basis of the list of the least developed countries approved by the UN. The states that have received the status of "least developed" enjoy special attention of the world community. They have the opportunity to receive credits, loans and humanitarian aid on preferential terms.(1)
4. Countries with economies in transition
The group includes about 30 states, most of them are countries of the so-called former socialist camp - these are the republics of the former USSR (Russia, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia ...) countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Czech Republic, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania ...).
They are all in the late 80's/early 90's. The last century began the transition from an authoritarian political system to a truly democratic system based on a multi-party system, respect for human rights. No less revolutionary transformations began to be carried out in the economy, where there was a transition from the former administrative-command system and central planning to a market economy. This transition is completed or close to completion.(4)
According to the level of socio-economic development, these countries are classified as medium developed. These are mainly industrial and industrial-agrarian countries.
Despite the abundance of concepts of the transition economy, today it is possible to single out the common and most important thing that they have, namely, the definition of the transition economy.
A transitional economy is an economy in which not the simple functioning of existing links and elements is of paramount importance, but the “withering away” of old ones and the formation of new links and elements. The transitional economy characterizes the intermediate state of society, when the old system of socio-economic relations and institutions is being destroyed and reformed, and the new one is just being formed. The changes taking place in a transitional economy are predominantly developmental rather than functioning, as is typical for the current system.
The transitional economy in a number of former socialist countries is a mixture of elements (relationships, connections, institutions) of centralized and modern market systems. Here, elements of a market economy of free competition and a traditional economic system are sometimes added.
The criteria for inclusion in the group of countries with economies in transition are:
Rejection of centralized planning and regulation of economic development;
Increasing the degree of openness of the economy (liberalization);
Privatization of state property;
The use of such factors of economic growth as the expansion of the private sector, attraction of foreign investment, restructuring of the economy and the monetary system, the fight against inflation;
Reducing the volume of national production;
Reorientation of foreign economic relations.
Thus, Russia is also a country in transition, which has its own characteristics. The features of Russia's transitional economy can be briefly described as follows:
Firstly, this is the historical unprecedentedness of the transition, which acts as a transition to a modern market economy not from a traditional one, but from a special one that existed in a relatively small number of countries of a planned economy;
Secondly, Russian society today, on the path of reformatory development, should carry out, as it were, a “return” movement towards the effective use of market relations with all their attributes, a variety of forms of ownership, the development of entrepreneurial activity, etc.;
Thirdly, the transitional process in Russia takes place at the end of the 20th century. in special historical conditions - the conditions of unfolding global transition processes. Global transition processes in the world cannot but influence the Russian economy, the content of transition processes, and their final guidelines. In this sense, the transitional Russian economy is an interweaving of unique local and certain universal human tendencies.
Fourthly, Russia occupies a special place in the territorial-geographical and socio-economic aspects: it serves as a kind of bridge connecting Eastern and Western civilizations, embodying the well-known unity of their cultures. The Russian mentality was imbued with this "split".
The creation of a new type of economic system that overcomes the shortcomings of the old one and ensures the growth of economic efficiency is a rather complicated process. The complexity is caused not only by the enormity of the tasks of reforming the existing economic system, but also by the need to simultaneously overcome the crisis phenomena that have become aggravated as a result of the society's entry into the transitional economy. The main feature of all these transformations is the minimization of state intervention in the economy in order to give scope for its independent development.
Conclusion
The world in its socio-economic nature is extremely heterogeneous.At present, three groups of countries can be distinguished: - industrialized countries with a market economy, forming, as it were, the framework of the world economy; - developing countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania (or third world countries); - countries with economies in transition, represented mainly by the states of Eastern Europe, as well as Russia, which are on the path of developing new forms of management. But it would be a mistake to draw too sharp a line between these groups. For example, already today a whole group of developing countries - the countries of Southeast Asia, in particular South Korea, Hong Kong (since 1997 - the province of China, Hong Kong), Taiwan, Brazil and Argentina, and some others - according to a number of economic indicators, it is logical to classify among the industrialized countries of the world. However, in terms of other important indicators (the depth of social contrasts, uneven regional development etc.) they traditionally still belong to the group of developing countries. At the same time, some, undoubtedly, developed states seem to be late with the qualitative transformation of the national productive forces, which hinders the growth of social labor productivity. So, in the countries of Eastern Europe and Russia, it alone is only about 50% of the level of Western European countries.Consequently, there is no rigid framework for dividing countries according to the level and pace of socio-economic development, regardless of the criteria by which these countries are classified. However, there is a significant need to reduce the lag in the socio-economic development of some countries in order to effectively solve the global problems of our time, since they (global problems) do not recognize state borders, so their solution is possible only on a global scale.
Bibliography
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2.Zhizhina E.A., Nikitina N.A. Lesson developments in geography, M .: "Wako", 2016. – 320 s.
3. Capitalist and Developing Countries on the Threshold of the 1990s (Territorial and Structural Shifts in the Economy in the 70s–80s) / Ed. V.V. Volsky, L.I. Bonifatieva, L.V. Smirnyagin. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1990 - 320 p.
4. Maksakovsky V.P. Geography. Economic and social geography of the world, M .: "Enlightenment", 2014 - 397 p.
5. Plisetsky E.L. Russia and countries with economies in transition: geography of foreign economic relations, 2003 - 380 p.
8. Typology of the countries of the world
About 230 countries are represented on the modern political map of the world. Among them there are countries with a large territory and population, there are single-ethnic and multinational countries; there are rich in natural resources and poor; there are countries that have access to the sea and long maritime borders and those that do not. Every country in the world has its own unique features.
Country type forms a set of conditions and features of development, which in certain ways make it related to a number of countries similar to it, and on the other hand, distinguish it from all others.
Typologies are different. They take into account a large number of indicators characterizing the level of economic and social development of countries, political and historical aspects.
Currently, according to the typology, which takes into account the level and nature of socio-economic and political development, there are three groups of countries in the world:
1) economically developed states;
2) countries with economies in transition;
3) less developed countries (developing countries). Canada, the United States, Israel, Western European countries, Japan, the Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand (a mature level of development of market relations, a significant role in the world economy and politics, a strong scientific and technical potential) are classified as economically highly developed countries.
The main capitalist countries are the USA, Germany, Japan, France, Great Britain. These are countries of the world that are developed in terms of their economic, scientific and technical potential.
The economic highly developed small countries of Western Europe are characterized by a high level of development, but each country has a narrow specialization in the world economy.
Countries with economies in transition - Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Israel. These states retain the agrarian and raw material specialization that developed in their foreign trade back in the colonial period.
A country that has achieved political independence and an average level of economic development under the dominance of the capitalist system is Ireland.
The countries lagging behind in development are Spain, Greece, Portugal.
Economically less developed countries (developing countries) numerous and diverse (Brazil, Mexico, India, etc.)
The countries of relatively mature capitalism are the states of Latin America and some Arab countries.
The resettlement countries of the early development of capitalist dependence are Uruguay and Argentina.
Countries of large-scale development of capitalism - Venezuela, Chile, Iran, Iraq, Algeria.
Countries of externally oriented adaptive development of capitalism - Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, etc.
Small countries of dependent plantation economy - Nicaragua, Costa Rica, etc.
Small countries of "concession development" of capitalism - Gabon, Botswana.
Small "landlord countries" - Malta, Cyprus, Panama, etc.
Young Liberated States - Indonesia, Pakistan, Nigeria, etc.
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3. Types of countries of the world according to the level of socio-economic development.
Developed and developing countries, their features and internal differences. Highly developed (Big Six, small European countries, resettlement countries) and medium developed countries (European periphery, Central-Eastern Europe and the CIS). Developing countries of the upper echelon (newly industrialized countries, "key" countries, oil-exporting countries, countries of the serving periphery) and lower echelon (classical developing countries).
All countries of the modern foreign world, in accordance with their place in the system of the world economy and international relations, can be divided into three main groups: I - economically developed countries (ERS); II - an intermediate group of countries with an average level of development (SR); III- economically underdeveloped countries or, as they are called in UN terminology, developing countries (PC). In each of these groups, it is possible to distinguish the types of countries inherent in them, and the huge array of PCs, in addition, has to be divided into subgroups.
The most common quantitative indicators reflecting the level of socio-economic development:
gross domestic product (GDP) - the total value of all goods produced in the territory of a given country in a year (in monetary terms);
gross national product (GNP) is GDP minus the profits of foreign companies in a given country, but with the addition of profits received by citizens of the country outside it.
In order to be able to compare these indicators across different countries, data on GDP GNP are recorded in a single monetary measurement - US dollars. Important indicators are GDP and GNP per capita, indicating the level of development of countries.
For a long time, the development of society was measured by economic indicators and, above all, by per capita income; at the same time, the main way of developing the country's economy was assumed to be the rapid growth of industry. Currently, more and more factors of social development are taken into account:
accessibility of education and health care,
the level of development of science and transport, the state of the environment, etc.
average life expectancy;
literacy and education levels;
standard of living (taking into account GDP per capita and the purchasing power of the population).
economically advanced countries.
Almost all of these countries have already entered the period of post-industrial development:
non-manufacturing sphere dominates in the sphere of GDP;
the industry is dominated by the high-processing industry;
agriculture is highly intensive, large-scale, based on the achievement of the "green revolution";
high level of urbanization;
low natural increase;
relatively even distribution of income.
the share of agriculture in GDP here has stabilized at the lowest level (2-5%),
the share of industry is declining while maintaining the world's highest share of mechanical engineering, and the share of the service sector reaches 60-70%.
This group of countries has the highest social indicators: stable moderately low population growth and minimal infant mortality, the optimal age ratio, the most even distribution of income (Gini coefficient) and the absence of officially registered “first-level poverty” (the only exception is South Africa).
All these countries, on the one hand, compete with each other in the struggle to increase their share in the control of world production and the market, and on the other hand, they unite and coordinate their efforts in order to prevent the decline of this control. All of them are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), members of the so-called "Paris Club", which controls the global financial market, almost all, with the exception of individual neutral countries, are part of military-political blocs under the auspices of the United States.
In this group, three main types of countries can be distinguished - the "Big Six", small European countries, resettlement countries).
Developing countries are distinguished by the following features.
Low GNP per capita.
uncompensated export from them of a significant part of the total social product - in the form of profits, interest, through transfer prices of intra-company trade of TNCs, etc.;
multistructural structure, adaptation of capitalism to coexistence with pre-capitalist structures and remnants;
relative weakness, underdevelopment of local capital, limited capacity not only in the world, but also in the national market, the constant existence on this basis of contradictions between it and TNCs;
the relatively high role of the state sector of the economy, to a large extent - as a result of the desire to compensate for the weakness of national private capital;
scientific and technological dependence on highly developed countries, the forced use in production (including at the branches of TNCs) of technologies that are already obsolete in the centers, a constant large deficit in foreign trade in technologies, if it exists;
sharp social contrasts - starting with differences in labor productivity between, for example, sectors of the domestic market (especially agriculture) and export ones, and ending with the distribution of national income and human rights.
Rapid population growth. In Asia, Africa and Latin America, the population doubles every 30 years because the average population growth rate here is 2.5%. For comparison, we note that in the US and Western Europe, this figure does not even reach 1%.
The predominance of agricultural production in the economy. In most countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, more than two-thirds of the workforce is employed in the agricultural sector. For comparison, it is useful to know that only 2% of the US workforce works in this sector.
More uneven distribution of income. It's not just that developing countries have substantially lower per capita incomes. The difference in income between the upper stratum, usually employed in trade and finance and associated with these same areas in developed countries, and the majority of the population is enormous.
Finally, the social indicators of developing countries, as a rule, indicate a low level of health care, education, and culture.
Major highly developed countries(or great powers - USA, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain). These are the first six countries of the group of highly developed and the whole world in terms of their economic and scientific and technical potential, with the most diversified economy, as well as from the largest human potential in this group of countries.
Peculiarities:
Diversified industry;
Multidisciplinary international specialization;
The role of TNCs (transnational corporations).
USA, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Great Britain, which are in the top ten in terms of GDP. Their per capita GDP is between 20,000 and 30,000 dollars. They are often referred to as the G7 countries (including Canada). They account for more than half of the production of all industrial products of the world, the majority of foreign direct investment. They form the three main economic "poles" of the world - Western European centered in Germany, American centered in the US and Asian centered in Japan.
Modern trends in the development of the situation are such that we can talk about the ongoing process of moving the center of the world system from North America and the United States to East Asia and Japan, which is not only steadily expanding its economic and technological control in "its" regions of Asia, but also in the United States itself. States and their zones of influence - in Latin America, the Middle East.
Economically highly developed small countries of Western Europe, (privileged small nations) Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Austria, Iceland - small European countries.
Although some of them in in the past, they themselves claimed a leading role in world politics(Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden), now none of them plays an independent role in the economic control of the world. Belgium and the Netherlands, which owned huge colonial empires compared to the mother countries on the eve of World War II, completely lost them.
These countries have reached a very high level of development of the productive forces and the development of capitalism both in industry and in agriculture (their per capita GDP exceeds those of the main countries), but each of them, unlike the main countries, has much narrower specialization in the international division of labor(MRI), achieving high prestige in these areas.
This type of country stands out from all developed countries with the highest rates of exports and imports per capita and the highest value of the export efficiency ratio. Almost all of them are labor importers, especially from the middle developed countries of Europe.
A characteristic feature of these countries is also that their economy is to a very large extent depends on the global non-manufacturing market(international banking, intermediary trade, provision of various services, business related to tourism, etc.). In this regard, a typical cultural feature of this type of country is their bilingualism: almost the entire population speaks English to one degree or another.
A kind of subtype of "small privileged nations" are the mini-states of Western Europe - Luxembourg and Iceland. Thus, the narrowing of the countries' specialization in MRT is reduced here to a single industry (ferrous metallurgy and fisheries, respectively), and the export concentration coefficient increases sharply. Another feature is not without interest: both countries beat an absolute world record in terms of spending on tourism for their residents in relation to the cost of importing goods and services (11-12%).
Countries of "settlement capitalism"- Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel.
The first four countries former settler colonies UK. They actually did not know feudalism: capitalist relations were brought here by immigrants.
There were two subtypes: in the first (Canada, Australia, New Zealand), the natives were completely subjugated and currently have no economic significance; in the second (South Africa and Israel), the indigenous population continues, and not without success, the struggle for their rights and at the same time is a significant part of the labor force of these countries.
In these countries, large industrial TNCs have developed, as a rule, closely associated with foreign capital both in the national and in the world economy.
The peculiarity of the economic development of countries of this type is also manifested in the fact that, despite the high level of development of productive forces in the world economy, these countries (except Israel) completely or to a large extent retain agricultural and raw material specialization established in their foreign trade in the colonial period. But this specialization of the exports of the countries of "resettlement capitalism" differs significantly from the same specialization of the underdeveloped countries: it is based on high national labor productivity and is combined with a developed domestic economy. It can also be noted the key role of foreign capital, all countries are US allies and exist problems between settlers and natives.
Countries with an average level of development. (Middle developed countries)
There are relatively few such countries. Like everything "average" in capitalist society, this group of countries is subject to the laws of polarization. Among the countries of this group, two main types can be distinguished.
The first three form a subtype of traditional development countries. In the past, they were centers of world events and played a leading role in world history.
Cultural heritage - the Acropolis and temples, castles, fortresses and palaces - continue to significantly influence the economy: these countries have the highest relative rates in the world in terms of income from foreign tourism (up to 17% of the value of exports of goods and services).
Despite the well-known shifts in the development of industry (especially in Spain), in terms of the level of development of productive forces, they lag noticeably behind modern world technical progress. The capital of these countries, their few TNCs, are actively seeking to penetrate into less developed countries, offering them more acceptable conditions than TNCs of highly developed countries. This is most successful in Spain, using its "civilizational relationship" with the countries of Ibero-America. At the same time, unlike the "small privileged nations", they themselves are objects of economic dependence and exploitation. Under the guise of various kinds of "aid" and "cooperation", the great powers and their TNCs seek to expand their influence in these countries. The latter are also exporters of labor to the more developed countries of Western Europe.
At present, the first three countries of this type are drawn into the main military bloc of the modern world - NATO - in the illusory role of "equal" partners. This enables NATO to maintain its military-police forces and bases in all these countries. All of them are admitted to the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD).
2.Middle developed countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE).
As a rule, these are single-national states that formed and preserved nations during the centuries-old struggle for existence and gained independence as a result of the First World War, the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires. They can be divided into two subtypes: I) Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; 2) Poland, Slovakia, Croatia. They also include Romania, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The first subtype could be called "advanced". Now these are industrially developed countries starting their post-industrial development. It is possible that in the future they may become “small privileged nations” (some elements of this have already been formed: bilingualism, foreign tourism, a developed export agro-industrial complex).
The second subtype is, perhaps, the “most enduring” of the moderately developed countries of CEE. Unlike the countries of the previous subtype, which retained their national unity even under conditions of dependence, these nations were repeatedly subjected to territorial and even social dismemberment, entering the oppressed periphery of various empires, but were able to defend their unity and statehood. Naturally, the level of their economic development is somewhat lower than that of the previous ones, and in some indicators it even “does not reach” the average values. They have not yet left the industrial phase of development, intersectoral differences in labor productivity are great.
3. Russia;
4. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)(Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus).
Economicallyunderdevelopedor developing countries(PC) .(Third World countries) They make up the largest group of countries in the world, almost all located in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania. Developing countries include about 150 countries and territories, which together occupy more than half of the earth's land area, they are home to more than 3/4 of the population, but they account for only about 17% of the manufacturing industry of the foreign world.
Developing countries: provide the world with approximately 20% of manufacturing and 80% of agricultural products. These countries dominate the world division of labor.
upper echelon developing countries are states with a relatively modern economic structure (for example, some countries in Asia, especially Southeast, and countries in Latin America), high GDP per capita (in particular, most of the Gulf countries), and a high human development index.
Of these, a subgroup is distinguished new industrial countries.
These include countries with a relatively high level of economic development and a significant, developing, diversified industrial sector (20% of GDP). The diversified manufacturing industry has become the leading sector of economic development for almost all NIS.
In the 80s and 90s. they achieved such a leap in their development that they received the nickname "Asian tigers" or "Asian dragons." The "first echelon" or "first wave" of such countries included the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. And the "second tier" usually include Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia.
Chile, Argentina and other South and Central American countries can also be attributed to the current new industrial countries in Latin America.???
Key countries- Brazil, Mexico, China, India.
These three countries produce almost as much industrial output as all other developing countries combined. They produce almost as much industrial output as all other developing countries put together. But GDP per capita in them is much lower than in economically developed countries, and in India, for example, it is $350.
The giants of the East are distinguished by their total power due to the billion people in each of them, even with low per capita rates. The countries, in essence, are only expanding their industrialization. It has one of the lowest levels of urbanization and more than half of EAN is employed in agriculture.
Small countries are financially redundant large oil exporters- UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Brunei, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Libya. These countries occupy the first seven places in the PC in terms of exports of oil and oil products per capita (Iran and Venezuela, following them, lag behind by an order of magnitude in this indicator). And they are the only ones in the entire PC array that belong to the creditor countries with the highest per capita incomes, a positive balance of payments, the largest domestic specific capital investments and foreign investments.
Thanks to the influx of "petrodollars" per capita GDP reaches 10 or even 20 thousand dollars.
Among the typical features of these countries are: the transfer of all productive branches and functions into the hands of foreign capital and foreign workers and specialists; greater dependence on the world market; high technological dependence.
Through economic prosperity, the features of backwardness are also clearly visible: high infant mortality, an extremely unfavorable combination of non-working ages of the population, extreme inequality of women.
Serving periphery countries ("landlords")
Landlord countries are small island and coastal independent states and possessions located at the crossroads of major international transport routes. Advantageous geographical position, preferential tax policy have turned them into world leaders in terms of GDP per capita, the location of the headquarters of the largest transnational corporations and banks.
Some of them have become countries of registry for ships of the fleets of all countries of the world (Cayman Islands, Bermuda, Cyprus, Panama, Bahamas, Liberia). Malta, Cyprus, Barbados and others are also world centers of tourism business. "Hotel countries" - Malta, Cyprus.
This type of country is one of the most adapted of all PCs to modern globalization processes and has a clear upward trend. In terms of economic development, export efficiency and some social indicators, these countries reach and even surpass the average developed countries of Europe.
At the same time, they retain features inherent in developing countries.
Lower Tier Developing Countries
Classic developing countries
These are countries lagging behind in their development, with a per capita GDP of less than $1,000 per year. They are dominated by a rather backward mixed economy with strong feudal remnants. Most of these countries are in Africa, but they are also found in Asia and Latin America.
These are Peru, Guinea, Cuba, Pakistan.
This subgroup includes the states of the concession development of capitalism, which became rich on the development of tourism (Jamaica, Bohamas, etc.).
Least developed countries: 40 states and territories are officially assigned to this category according to a number of criteria. This group includes countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Laos, Haiti, Angola, Benin, Cape Verde, Somalia, Nepal.
Their income is very low. Basically, these are agricultural states.
