Land resources- the earth's surface, suitable for human habitation and for any kind of economic activity. Land resources are characterized by the size of the territory and its quality: relief, soil cover and a complex of other natural conditions.

The largest countries in the world by area are:

Russia - 17.1

Canada - 10.0

China - 9.6

Brazil - 8.5

When studying the problem of efficient use of land resources, it is necessary to single out the concept of an effective territory. Effective territory- This is the territory of the country suitable for economic development.

Major countries world by area of ​​effective territory:

(million km 2)

Brazil - 8.1

Australia - 7.7

China - 6.0

Russia - 5.5

The provision of mankind with land resources is determined by the world land fund, which is 13.4 billion hectares. From individual major regions Africa (30 million km2) and Asia (27.7 million km2) have the largest land fund, and Europe (5.1 million km2) and Australia with Oceania (8.5 million km2) have the smallest.

The structure of the land fund shows how land resources are used. It distinguishes agricultural lands (cultivated - arable land, gardens, sown meadows and natural meadows and pastures), forest lands, lands occupied by settlements, industry and transport, unproductive and unproductive lands.

The most valuable cultivated lands occupy only 11% of the world's land fund. The same indicator is typical for the CIS countries, Africa, North America. For Europe, this figure is higher (29%), while for Australia and South America - the lowest (5% and 7%).

The structure of the planet's land fund is constantly changing under the influence of two opposite processes. One is the struggle of mankind for the expansion of lands suitable for habitation and agricultural use (development of fallow lands, melioration, drainage, irrigation, development of coastal areas of the seas); the other is the deterioration of lands, their removal from agricultural circulation as a result of erosion, desertification, industrial and transport development, open mining, waterlogging, and salinization.

The second process is going faster. That's why the main problem of the world land fund - the degradation of agricultural land, as a result of which there is a noticeable reduction in cultivated land per capita, and the "burden" on them is constantly increasing. The countries with the lowest provision of arable land per capita are China (0.09 ha), Egypt (0.05 ha).

Efforts are being made in many countries to preserve the land fund and improve its structure. In the regional and global aspect, they are increasingly coordinated by specialized UN bodies - UNESCO, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), etc.

10. Forecasting the use of world land resources.

The world's land resources are shrinking. In many countries, due to the lack of arable land, there is a shortage of food. Today, the global food problem is becoming more and more acute. Since its inception, there have been discussions about ways to solve it. Many see a way out in the further expansion of arable, grazing and fishing lands. Cultivated land (arable land, orchards and plantations) occupy 1450 million hectares or 11% of the inhabited land area. Meadows and pastures - 3400 million hectares or 26%. So far, people have not yet used all possible reserves for the development of territories for agricultural production.

At the same time, there are many estimates indicating that the natural factors themselves quite severely limit the possibilities of such an expansion. It was found that in territories occupying a total of 78% of the entire land area (excluding Antarctica), there are certain natural restrictions for the development of agriculture (Table 3). And of the remaining 22% of lands, 13 are characterized by low, 6 - medium, and only 3% - high productivity.

Similar calculations were made by domestic scientists. According to some, unproductive lands where biological products cannot be produced (glaciers, lifeless deserts, rivers, lakes, cities, etc.) include 54 million km2, or more than 36% of the total land area. The share of productive, but not arable land (tundra, forest-tundra, swamps, arid and semi-desert pastures, mountain forests, etc.) accounts for 70 million km2, or 47% of the total land area. As a result, arable land covers an area of ​​25 million km2, which is about 17% of the land area.

Scientists continue to make numerous calculations and forecasts regarding reserve agricultural, and above all, arable land. P According to some estimates, the maximum area of ​​economically profitable land for exploitation is 1.5 billion hectares. This means that humanity has actually already used the entire available fund of arable land. According to other estimates, such a fund is much larger, it is potentially equal to 2.5 billion hectares, and, therefore, people can plow more than 1 billion hectares in the future. At the end of the 20th century, estimates appeared according to which the area of ​​land potentially suitable for the development of agriculture exceeds 3 billion hectares. This means that there are more than 1.5 billion hectares of land in the reserve . Some FAO calculations have also been published, according to which the area of ​​land potentially suitable for cultivation is 3.4 billion hectares. Most domestic experts agree that the real world reserve of arable land is about 1 billion hectares. , only a relatively small part of the reserve space can be put into economic circulation at a relatively low cost. The development of the rest of the reserve lands, which are inconvenient in terms of relief or position, arid, swampy or saline, etc., can be carried out only with very large investments. In addition, it should be taken into account that part of the newly developed lands will have to compensate for the losses of the planet's land fund, which are associated with its degradation due to the development of desertification, erosion, and the expansion of non-agricultural territories.

An important role in the development of new lands is played by their distribution between economically developed and developing countries. According to some modern estimates, the ratio between them in this indicator is approximately 1:4. For the expansion of arable land at relatively affordable costs and with the use of available equipment and technologies, lands in regions with a temperate climate are more suitable. As for reserve lands in developing countries, they are located either in the zone of tropical rainforests, or in the savannah zone, or in even less favorable arid regions, where not only large investments are needed, but also an additional solution to some agro-climatic problems. In addition, the general land degradation in this group of countries has taken on a particularly frightening scale.

In South America, only 1/3 of arable land has been developed so far, and this share can be increased to 2/3, primarily thanks to Brazil. However, the development of such lands will be fraught with very great difficulties - both natural (72% of them are located in the humid tropics, 24% in the subtropics, and only 4% in the temperate zone), and socio-economic (latifundism).

In Africa, the development rate could be increased from 43% to 57%. The main part of the reserve lands, located between 12 ° with. sh. and 25°S, has an average annual rainfall of at least 800 mm and an average annual temperature of at least 18°C. These agro-climatic conditions allow for a long growing season and two harvests per year. But soil degradation is especially great here.

Free Land Resources in overseas Asia significantly less. At the same time, it should be taken into account that in countries such as India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, the island of Java (Indonesia), (Philippines), lands suitable for agriculture were used by more than 90% back in the 60s of the 20th century. Least of all reserve land for development has been preserved in Europe.

At the beginning of the development of reserve lands, the rate of their increment will lag far behind the rate of population growth. Accordingly, the load on the land will increase, and the indicators of per capita availability of land resources will begin to decline. Currently, there is an average of 0.20 hectares of arable land per inhabitant of the Earth, and by 2050 this specific indicator may decrease to 0.07 hectares. Consequently, everything depends not so much on the expansion of cultivated land, but on the nature of their use.

The main prospects for solving the global food problem should be associated not so much with the extensive as with the intensive way of increasing food production.

It's clear that the intensification of the agricultural use of the territory consists primarily in mechanization, chemicalization, irrigation, an increase in the power supply, the use of higher-yielding and disease-resistant varieties of agricultural crops, the most productive livestock breeds - all that allows you to increase the return of farming and animal husbandry even with a decrease in agricultural areas.

The world experience of the last decades confirms the fact that the intensive path of transformations in agriculture became the main one. Back in 1960-1980. The increase in world grain production by 1/5 was due to the expansion of areas, and by 4/5 - as a result of increased yields. In economically developed countries, this share was 86% (in Western Europe - 100), and in developing countries - 77 (in Africa and Latin America 46-48%).

However, when assessing the possibilities of an intensive path of development, one must also keep in mind that the potential of some traditional ways of intensification has already been largely exhausted. This applies to mechanization, and to electrification, and to chemicalization, and to irrigation.

Until recently, this important reserve for the intensification of agriculture was widely used, both in developed and developing countries. This is confirmed by data on the dynamics of irrigated areas. In 1900, only 40 million hectares were irrigated in the world, and by 1950 the area of ​​such land had increased to 95 million hectares. Even more revealing are the following figures: in 1960 - 135 million hectares, in 1970 - 170 million, in 1980 - 210 million, in 1990 - 230 million, in 2005 - 250 million. ha. Today, irrigated lands occupy about 19% of all cultivated land, but provide up to 1/3 of the total agricultural production. Asia accounts for over 60%, the CIS and North America - about 10% each, Europe - about 7% of such lands. In terms of the share of irrigated land in the total area of ​​arable land (30%), Asia is also ahead.

The largest increase in irrigated land was observed in the 1950s and 1970s, when irrigated areas more than doubled, primarily due to the construction of more than 90 large dams and reservoirs in different parts of the world. But since the 1980s, the growth of irrigated areas has slowed down sharply - due to an increase in specific capital investments, and in some countries also due to limited water resources and changes in groundwater levels, due to the refusal to build channel dams. For example, the reduction of irrigated areas occurred in the USA and China. There was also a loss of irrigated areas due to their unsatisfactory use.

All this means that the main prospects for intensification are associated with a technological revolution, expressed in the use of biotechnology achievements, information technologies in agriculture and animal husbandry, improving the quality of products, reducing production costs, breeding new plants and animal breeds.

The production of artificial food based on soybeans, seaweed, yeast, and some mushrooms has begun. Food products made from them have already become widespread in the United States. Mariculture also has significant reserves. Mariculture is the cultivation of marine organisms. The main difference between mariculture and fishing is the obligatory human control over the survival of juveniles.

A concept for the development of sustainable agriculture has been developed and is being tested.

Sustainable farming means: a more effective combination of knowledge and practical experience of the local population ensuring rapid adaptation modern technologies in agriculture.

The main indicators of the level of intensification of agriculture can be data on the cost of production per unit area and data on how many people can feed 1 hectare of arable land or one worker employed in agriculture. These data for economically developed countries are presented in Table 5.

11. Opportunities for the development of territories, taking into account the dynamics of the growth of the population of the planet Earth.

The life of mankind as a whole and the peoples of individual countries takes place in space and time. The territorial factor plays a decisive role in the development and life support of society. Space as a life support factor includes the following components: land area; soil cover; forest vegetation; inland water bodies and rivers (fresh water); biodiversity; minerals.

IN At the end of 2011, the world population reached 7.0 billion people, and the urban population exceeded half of the world's population (51%). As of 2012, there are 95 large cities in the world with a population of 4 to 37 million people in each, of which 25 cities have a population of more than 10 million people, including Moscow.

In the agricultural society of the city and urban population grew very slowly: it took about 6 millennia for 910 million people to become on the globe in 1800, and of these, only 45 million people, or 5.1%, lived in cities. Over the past years (1800-2011), the situation in the world has changed radically: 7 billion people live on the planet, of which more than half (3.6 billion) are city dwellers. At a time when the entire population of the planet has increased by almost 8 times over two centuries, the urban population has increased by 80 times.

If current trends continue, by 2025 57% of the population will live in cities. By 2025, 8 more mega-agglomerations will be added to the 19 existing mega-agglomerations in the world. Most of the increase urban population will be in small towns located along highways and coastlines.

There are many such calculations. One can cite D.I. Mendeleev’s reasoning on this topic, who proceeded from the fact that 1 hectare of cultivated land can feed two inhabitants. Even without taking into account the prospects for growth in productivity and with such a ratio, as the scientist believed, 8 billion people could live on Earth. Nowadays, when answering this question, one usually proceeds from the hypothetical idea that, over time, progress in agriculture will spread to all countries of the world, and this will completely satisfy the food needs of future generations of people. As for the control figures, the “fork” between them sometimes turns out to be very large. For example, according to some American experts, if all the land suitable for agricultural crops is cultivated using already known advanced methods and irrigation in arid regions, then 100 billion people can be supported or 50-60 billion earthlings can be completely satisfied with food. But this is, of course, a maximalist scenario for the future. According to one FAO forecast, under certain conditions it will be possible to feed approximately 30 billion people, although real figure, is likely to be 10-15 billion people. Against such a global background, the position of the CIS countries may cause some concern. The potential for food production in the country is quite large. However, in the USSR for a long time the extensive way of solving the food problem prevailed, which in fact has already exhausted itself.

The population of Russia in 2010 was 142.9 million people.
Population dynamics in Russia:
1800 - 48 million hours
1900 - 130 million hours
2000 - 147 million hours
2002 - 145 million hours
2010 - 142.9 million hours

For comparison, the US population in the period from 2000 to 2010 increased by 27 million people and amounted to 309 million people.
In Russia, the population of all federal districts has decreased, except for the Central and North Caucasus.
The largest population growth by city is in Moscow and St. Petersburg. An increase in Moscow from 10.4 million to 11.5 million (now Moscow is the largest city in Europe, previously there was London with a population of 10.5 million), in St. Petersburg to 4.9 million people.
Gender composition
In Russia in 2010 - 66.2 million men and 76.7 million women (46.3 percent and 53.7 percent).
For comparison: in 2002, men accounted for 46.9%, women - 53.1%.
Urbanization has not changed much. The urban population of Russia is 73.7% of the total population (in 2002 - 73.3%).
In 1900, the urban population of Russia was 15%.
It is quite obvious: the demographic issue is the most acute issue for Russia. His solution can only be linked to economic growth. As soon as men can not only feed, but also give a decent standard of living to their families; as soon as the state pays real money to young mothers; as soon as family priorities are considered as the most important, only then will the birth rate increase. But we also have a high mortality rate. And here there is a direct connection with the cost of medicines, the size of pensions, the cost of utilities ... In a word, this is a tangle of problems that it takes years and years to solve them.
The decline in the population of Russia can be seen by the following figures:
years natural increase, thousand people
1951-1955 9160
1961-1965 7067
1971-1975 4180
1981-1985 3939
1991 110
1992 -207
1994 -870
1996 -818
1998 -696
2000 -954
2001* -937
2002* -495
*Based on permanent population.
Every year we lose almost 500 thousand people. And it is growing in other countries.
We have an economically active population of about 70 million, of which 6-9 million are unemployed. And who will create the GDP, from what will the pension and other funds be formed?
World population

According to the calculations of the authors of the "theory" - European scientists of the middle of the last century - for comfortable living at the level of Western standards, 1 billion of the population of "masters" and 1-2 billion of "slaves" serving them should remain on the planet. The "golden billion" includes the population of North America, Western Europe and Japan, which already today consume up to 80% of all the planet's resources.
By 2050, the world's population will increase to 9 billion people.

According to the French National Institute for Demographic Research, citing the UN, there are now approximately 728 million people in Europe, more than 561 million in Latin America. The population of Asia is about 3.9 billion, Africa is almost 906 million, and Australia and Oceania - 33 million.

In recent decades, the growth of the world's population occurs at the expense of the least developed regions - in these countries, the growth rate is 1.6%, while in industrialized countries - 0.3% per year. The population of Africa is growing at the highest rate - by 2.3% per year. In Europe, over the past decade, the population has declined by an average of 0.02% annually.

The territory of the country is one of the types of its wealth. Large spaces of the territory, as a rule, provide the country with a variety of natural conditions and resources. However, not all countries can use their entire territory.

Economically efficient territory — part of the country's territory suitable for human economic activity.

Despite the huge size of Russia, almost 68% of its territory is occupied by the North Zone - areas with extremely unfavorable conditions for human life and activity, and therefore, in terms of effective territory, Russia occupies only 5th place in the world, yielding in this indicator to Brazil, the USA, Australia and China (see Fig. 45).

IN structure land fund of the world dominated the woods and unused lands ( swamps, desert, glaciers etc.), which account for 60% of all land. Cultivated land ( arable land, gardens And plantations) make up only 11% of the world land fund.

Table. The structure of the land fund by regions of the world

Regions of the world	Cultivated lands(%)	Meadows and pastures (%)	Forests and shrubs (%)	Settlements, roads(%)	Underused and unused lands(%)
Foreign Europe
Overseas Asia
North America
South America
Australia and Oceania	5material from the site

but land fund structure varies significantly across countries and regions of the world (table). For example, in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, in India, East China, Japan, in the east of the USA and in Cuba, arable land, in the countries of South-West and Central Asia, South Africa, Argentina and Australia - pasture, in the Scandinavian countries, in the countries of Southeast Asia and Equatorial Africa, in Guyana, Suriname, Guyana, Brazil, Canada and Papua New Guinea - the woods.

Naturally, the most important for mankind are cultivated land, which provide almost 90% of the food consumed by mankind. The largest in area arable land countries of the world are the USA (186 million ha), India (166 million ha), Russia (121 million ha), China (92 million ha) and Canada (45 million ha), but the highest per capita has Australia (2.9 ha per person).

On this page, material on the topics:

• Territorial Fund of Land Resources

• The structure of the land fund of the world

• The structure of the world land fund is dominated by

• The structure of the land fund of the countries of the world

• Territorial resources of the world

Questions about this item:

Effective geopolitical space- multidimensional space of communication conjugation. The success of state building does not always depend on natural wealth. Often, states that do not have effective territory and the presence of large energy and other natural resources. The technology of domination is important here, based on the identification of proportions between various communications based on the strategic resource of creative human energy. The civilizational approach offers various technologies of domination. Ancient Greek conjugation of the cosmos, the polis and the microcosm of the soul. The Great Chinese Order. Western European conjugation of Thought and Capital. The American Model of the Market and Democracy. Creative human energy is the foundation national security. It is possible to protect not only material, but also spiritual values ​​only if there is a sense of dignity and civilizational (including confessional) affiliation.
States that are small in geographical extent (Switzerland, Japan, etc.) can create an effective geo-economic space, being in the Greater geopolitical space, for example, under the US nuclear umbrella.
Effective territory- the territory of the state without extreme conditions for people's lives. Climatic zones are considered unsuitable, where the average annual temperature is below two degrees of frost, and the height above sea level is over 2000 meters. According to this indicator, Brazil, the USA, Australia and China are leading in the world. The longest and coldest country - Russia - ranks fifth. In Russia, only a third of the territory (5.5 million sq. km.) meets the criteria for an effective territory. Here, the creation of industries requires high costs per unit of output. The longest European state, Ukraine, has an exceptionally high proportion of effective territory in the total area of ​​the country, but this circumstance, with an inefficient technology of ruling, has little effect on the well-being of the state.

An effective geopolitical space contributes to the creation of international transport corridors - general communication directions for accelerating the turnover of commercial, industrial and financial capital, an information product. The classic example is the Great Silk Road. It's not only technical facility past, and, above all, communication in the geopolitical and geo-economic space. This branched communication framework connected ancient and medieval civilizations.
The international transport corridor can be effective in creating a large communication space with uniform preferences. Therefore, the project of European transport corridors between Western and Eastern Europe and the revival of the Great Silk Road is possible with the creation of a single economic space, including a customs union. So far, there are no such preconditions. The World Information Highway is being successfully formed in the virtual space of the Internet.

In the West, the collapse of the USSR was seen as the fall of one of the last empires. However, not so much time passed before the possibility of creating "liberal" empires began to be considered again as an effective geospace.
Empire, is one of the varieties of Large multidimensional spaces, has various conceptual definitions:

• Large state.
• The highest state power belonging to the people (Roman Empire of the Republican period).
• Expansion beyond long-term stable boundaries, caused by the outgrowth of an established, historically formed organism (Georgy Fedotov).
• After formation, each empire experiences a period of prosperity, due to the possibility of concentrating significant resources and establishing a relatively lasting peace over a large territory. This is perceived by the population as a great blessing. The released significant resources and a single communication space contribute to the creation of a closed self-sufficient state, the elimination of customs, political and economic borders within it.
• The empires of the Middle Ages and modern times differed little from each other in their internal politics. Centralized management and a costly economy, wasteful spending of labor and natural resources, the implementation of expensive projects of the "century", huge expenses for the maintenance of the army, repressions against entire peoples.
• An empire can be a monarchy headed by an emperor, a federation (German Empire), a unitary state (Russian Empire), a commonwealth of states (British Empire).
• Imperial integration is a logical striving for synthesis, the formation of a Greater Space headed by a state that has an idea-strength (Karl Schmitt).

Modern "liberal" empire is a form of political government that determines not only external, but also internal politics other states, not necessarily neighboring ones. In the process of globalization of international relations, the United States has become a world empire (Pax Americana) based on real world military-political, economic and technological superiority. Imperial thinking is characterized not only by the dominance of the state over the law, but also by the right to use force to achieve "boundless" justice in any region of the Earth (zone of vital interests). The American Empire is an importer of capital and migrants (human capital), while the British Empire was the largest exporter of capital, culture and people (human capital).
The most effective form of confronting global challenges and threats in the modern world is state-civilization. The largest poles of economic and technological development are represented by similar formations - United Europe, the United States and China. The classic state-civilization is China, where political, socio-cultural and confessional boundaries basically coincide. United Europe is associated with the historical core of Western European civilization. American civilization is perceived as such in terms of its scale of impact on the surrounding world (military-political, economic, cultural and informational expansion). The state-civilization was the Soviet Union, disintegrated into national formations.

* * *
It is impossible to move permanently into the realm of truth. But man is doomed to strive for the invisible shores of the Great Ocean - Large multidimensional communication spaces created by nature and the creative activity of man. It is here that thinking points to the “boundary states” of processes of different scales and hot energy-saturated horizons open up. On these "shores" of the immanent world, thanks to the phenomenon of man, geopolitical strategies are being formed that can overcome the deficit of exhaustible finite natural energies. So it has always been and so it will be. Let us turn to the Large multidimensional spaces of World civilizations and the World Ocean.

Summary

The era of Great discoveries of frontier communication of Large multidimensional spaces is coming, when the focus is on "frontier" processes between civilizations, peoples, the sea and the continent, world-economy, nature and man, his external and internal world. As a result of the stratification of processes of different scales in nature and society, high energy boundaries of the Large Multidimensional Spaces of Civilizations and the World Ocean are formed, contact zones are distinguished at their boundaries (EURAMAR and MOREMAR). The communication nature of the Large multidimensional space is twofold. Their borderliness can serve as a strategic resource for material development or spiritual revival, or, in the conditions of the loss of contact functions, turn into an unbearable burden for states. Then the communicative nature of space is destroyed, and the states disintegrate. The creative boundary energy of the multidimensional communication space of the state, revealing the hidden potential of human energy, is considered as the main strategic resource of national security.

Chapter 4. WORLD CIVILIZATIONS. "WORLD OF EQUAL WORLDS"

Multidimensional space of civilizations. Civilizational geopolitical code. "Engine" of civilizational reformations. "Spark plug" of the dialogue of civilizations. Globalization and civilizational challenges

After the fall of the Iron Curtain modern world became different. The world order with two superpowers has been replaced by multipolarity and multidimensionality of the communication space. On the horizons of the emerging New World international relationships states are giving priority to an open information space, which is not always subject to the will of national governments. The global financial and banking networks of the transnational space are becoming more and more autonomous and powerful. But transnational corporations no longer rule the world. Events in the financial market testify to the tendencies of its getting out of control and the possibilities of a professional forecast.
It is impossible to say unequivocally that the world around us has become better or worse, it has become more open. And it is possible to take a worthy place in this world not by blindly borrowing other people's development models, Western modernization, but by using technological advances based on the characteristics of one's own sociocultural identity. In the transnational economic space, no one is going to wait until the imitation of reforms stops in this or that country or a deep socio-economic recession is overcome. Yes, in fact, in this world there is no one to appeal to, it does not have a President or a single God.

Lesson 3

Goals: Form an idea of ​​the state territory. Compare and evaluate the geographical position of Russia and the USSR. Explain the difference between the concepts of "territory" and "space" of the country. Learn how to participate in a discussion.

Equipment: Political-administrative and physical map of Russia, political map peace.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

II. Checking homework (in a group of 4-5 people)

Orally tell, using the diagram (Fig. 2, account D.) about the administrative-territorial structure of Russia.

Show the completion of the task on the contour map (check in the group).

Show on political-administrative map:

a) regions and name their capitals;

b) republics and name their capitals;

c) autonomous regions and name their main cities;

d) regions and name their main cities.

Brief geographical dictation.

a) What is the area of ​​Russia?(17.1 million km 2 .)

b) What place does Russia occupy in terms of area among the countries of the world?(1st place.)

c) What is the population of Russia?(145 million people.)

d) What place does Russia occupy in the world in terms of population?(7th place.)

e) What does federal state mean?(Union state, consisting of
most of the subjects.)

f) How many subjects are included in the Russian Federation?(89.)

g) How many autonomous regions are there in Russia?(10.)

h) What region does not have a land border with the subjects of Russia?(Ka-
liningrad.)

i) Which republic is the largest in area?(Sakha-Yakutia.)
j) Which country is the most populated?(Bashkortostan.)

k) What federal district do you live in? l) On the territory of which subject of the Federation is your locality?

III. Learning new material

Today we will discuss the problem: is the vast territory of the country a blessing or an evil? In order to argue your opinion, you need to study the following questions.

What is meant by the term "national territory"?

What is the difference between the concepts "territory" and "space"?

How did the geographical position of Russia change after the collapse of the USSR?

What is a "economically efficient territory"?

What is the "Zone of the North"?

Natural resources on the territory of Russia.

Questions for the class :

What is a state territory?(This is the part of the planet's surface that is subject to the power of the state.)

What is "territorial waters"?(These are the waters (water area) washing the territory of the country at a distance of 12 miles from the coast.)

"Territory" and "space" of the country. What is the difference between these concepts?(The country's space includes: 1) airspace; 2) outer space; 3) maritime spaces (in the north of Russia belongs to the Russian sector of the Arctic with an area of ​​9 million km 2 ); 4) Russia owns internal waters. (White Sea, Pechora and Czech Bays, Peter the Great Bay in the Sea of ​​Japan); 5) 200-mile (370 km) economic zone outside the territorial waters. Here Russia can mine minerals, fish and seafood; 6) shelf (continental shallow to a depth of 200 m) in the Arctic Ocean.)

Output: The concept of space is much broader than territory.

How did the historian V. O. Klyuchevsky assess the position of Russia in the northeast of Eurasia? (p. 12, account D.).“Once some enemy drove the Slavs, namely our ancestors from the Danube, driving them to the virgin Northeast, from a better country to a worse one. So the story-stepmother made them populate a country where nature is a stepmother for people.

The geographical position of Russia has changed over the centuries. The last time changes in geographical position occurred in connection with the collapse of the USSR. Let's evaluate the current situation in Russia:

Russia moved away from the countries of Europe.

Russia shifted to the north, as its southern border turned out to be much north of the southern border of the USSR.

The territory of Russia is stretched from north to south, and especially from west to east.

The economically efficient (productive) territory of Russia has shrunk.

Prove this statement using the table. 3 and fig. 3 (p. 13, account D.).(70% area-

di Russia - tundra, taiga with swamps and permafrost. Only 20% of the country's territory is suitable for arable land. The area of ​​economically effective territory of Russia is smaller than that of the USA, China, Brazil, Australia.)

The seas surrounding Russia are freezing.

Our country mostly lies in the zone of the North (Fig. 3, study D.).

What moments in the life of the population are affected by such a northern location of the country? What would change in the country's economy, in people's lives, if Russia became colder in a more southern area (for example, in the latitudes of the USA or Brazil)?(We have to spend more on construction, heating, energy, food, clothing, transportation, etc.)

Name other countries whose territory is located in the zone of the North.(Canada, Iceland, Finland, Norway.)

What is the difference between the position of Russia and the geographical position of these countries?(1. In the zone of the North of Russia, 11.3 million people live, and the main population of Kannada, for example, lives at the latitude of the North Caucasus; 2. The zone of the North of Russia has more severe (and even extreme) conditions than in other countries. In Russia there is a cold pole of the northern hemisphere Oymyakon, Verkhoyansk, where the temperature reaches -68 "C and even -71" C.)

What is the positive value of a large area of ​​the country?(More mineral deposits, more area, more forests, i.e., thanks to the large area, Russia is rich in natural resources.)

IV.Fixation

According to the text of the textbook, determine the place of Russia in the world in terms of gas, oil, coal, iron ore, timber, and water resources.

Determine (according to Fig. 4) into which parts the zone of the North of Russia is divided?(Far North, Middle North, Near North.)

Estimate the cost of living by the index in the Far, Middle and Near North.(In the Far North, the cost of living index is 1.9-2.0, in the Near North, from 1.2 to 1.6.)

Discussion

So, what can you say about the territory of Russia, its vast expanses - evil, the curse of the country and people, or good?(Students take one of the sides and prove their opinion, giving arguments for and against.)

Possible (in a weak class)give time to readtexton thefrom. 16, account. D."Attention.Problem". In a class with a strong composition, it is more interesting to have a discussion first, and then read the text.

Homework

According to account A .: §2, answer questions.