Presentation of the formation of the regional economy. Regional economy

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Lecture questions Development of theories regional economy and management within the framework of Western science 2. Domestic school of regional economic research 3. Modern trends in the development of theories of regional economics

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Theories of regional economy and regional governance should contain an explanation of the laws and principles of economic space rationalization, development of various types of regions, interregional interactions, distribution of activities and population. (Ideally)

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The development of theories of regional economics and management within the framework of Western science A) The space factor in the history of economic thought Problems of economic space attracted the attention of ancient philosophers (Aristotle, Plato), creators of social utopias (T. More, T. Companella, C. Fourier, R. Owen), and in the 17th - 18th centuries they were constantly included in the structure of the created economic theories. In this regard, it is appropriate to name first of all R. Cantillon, J. Stewart, A. Smith, and especially D. Ricardo with his principle of comparative advantages in interregional trade and the theory of rent by location.

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B) The first theories of production location The first experience of regional scientific research is associated with the names of J. Thünen, W. Launhgardt, A. Weber. Their work had a significant impact on the subsequent formation of the theory of spatial and regional economics.

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The theory of the agricultural standard of I. Tünen agriculture and national economy. "The main content of this fundamental work was to identify patterns in the location of agricultural production, depending on the distance from the place of production to the market for the sale of products (i.e., transport costs). In his studies, J. Thünen assumed the existence of a state economically isolated from the rest of the world , within which there is a central city, which is the only market for agricultural products and at the same time a source of supply of industrial goods.The price of each product at any point in space differs from its price in the city by the amount of transportation costs, which are taken to be directly proportional to the weight of the cargo and the distance of transportation. Criterion optimization of accommodation in the works of J. Thünen - minimization of transport costs.

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J. Tyunen distinguishes six belts (rings) for the location of agricultural activities, based on the conditions of farming on his estate in Mecklenburg - a highly productive suburban economy; - forestry; - fruit production; - pasture farming; - three-field crop rotation fields; - zone of livestock production.

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J. Thünen proved that the optimal layout of agricultural production is a system of concentric circles (Thünen rings) of different diameters around the central city, dividing the zones of location of various types of agricultural activities. The work of J. Thünen was the first and very illustrative example of the use of abstract mathematical models in the theory of spatial economics. Its important methodological significance is recognized in the new economic science.

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Rational standard of an industrial enterprise by W. Launhardt The main discovery of the German scientist W. Launhardt (W. Laun-hardt), whose main work was published in 1882, is a method for finding the optimal location point for an individual industrial enterprise in relation to sources of raw materials and markets. The decisive factor in the location of production for W. Launhardt, as well as for Thünen, is transportation costs. Production costs are assumed to be equal for all points of the study area. The point of optimal location of the enterprise depends on the weight ratio of the transported goods and distances. To solve this problem, W. Launhardt developed the weighted (or location) triangle method - one of the first physical models in economics used to solve theoretical and practical problems.

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A. Weber's theory of the industrial standard The main work of the German economist and sociologist A. Weber "On the location of industry: the clean territory of the standard" was published in 1909. The scientist set himself the task of creating a general "pure" theory of production location based on the consideration of an isolated enterprise. He made a significant step forward in comparison with J. Thunen and W. Launhardt, introducing into the theoretical analysis new factors of production location in addition to transportation costs and setting a more general optimization problem: minimizing the total production costs, and not just transportation.

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Three factors of location are analyzed: transport, labor force, agglomeration. Accordingly, three main orientations in location are distinguished: transport, working and agglomeration. To find the transport point (standort) (the place where, taking into account the location of the consumer center and sources of raw materials, the minimum value of transport costs takes place), the weight (location) triangle of W. Launhardt is used. To determine the industrial standard, taking into account the joint influence of transport cost factors and labor force, A. Weber resorts to the construction of the so-called isodapane (isodapane). Graphically, such lines can be represented in the form of closed curves, which are described around the transport minimum point and connect points of equal deviations in transport costs when production is moved to work points.

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The theory of central places by V. Kristaller. The first theory about the functions and placement of the system of settlements (central places) in the market space was put forward by W. Christaller in his main work "Central Places in Southern Germany", published in 1993. He substantiated the theoretical conclusions with empirical data.

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V. Kristaller calls the central places economic centers that serve goods and services not only to themselves, but also to the population of their district (sales zone). According to V. Kristaller, over time, service and sales areas tend to take shape in regular hexagons (honeycombs), and the entire populated area is covered with hexagons without gaps (Kristaller lattice). This minimizes the average distance for product distribution or travel to shopping and service centers. The theory of V. Kristaller explains why some goods and services should be produced (provided) in each settlement (essential products), others - in medium-sized settlements (ordinary clothing, basic household services, etc.), others - only in large cities (luxury goods, theatres, museums, etc.)

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C) Theories of regional specialization and interregional trade economic relations, i.e. internationalists, not regionalists. First of all, one should name the classics of English political economy A. Smith and D. Ricardo, as well as the Swedish economists E. Hecksher and B. Ohlin.

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Theories of absolute and comparative advantages of A. Smith and D. Ricardo The international division of labor, A. Smith believed, should be carried out taking into account the absolute advantages that this or that country (we mean the region) has. Each country (region) should specialize in the production and sale of the product in which it has an absolute advantage. D. Ricardo advanced in theory much further than A. Smith. He proved that absolute advantages are only a special case of the general principle of a rational division of labor. The main thing is not absolute, but relative (comparative) advantages. Even countries (regions) with higher production costs for all goods can benefit from specialization and exchange due to the "play" on the difference in costs.

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Heckscher-Ohlin theory In the 30s of the XX century. The Swedish economists E. Heckscher and B. Ohlin developed the theory of the international (interregional) division of labor, introducing into consideration the ratio of the main interchangeable factors of production (labor, capital, land, etc.). Their main theoretical provisions boil down to the following: 1) countries (regions) should export products of intensive use of surplus (relatively not scarce) factors of production and import products of intensive use of factors that are scarce for them; 2) in international (interregional) trade, under appropriate conditions, there is a tendency to equalize "factorial prices"; 3) the export and import of goods can be replaced by the movement of factors of production.

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G) General theory placement The doctrine of the spatial organization of the economy by A. Lösch The main work of the German scientist A. Lösch (A. Losch) "Spatial organization of the economy" "(1940). The peak of A. Lösch's teachings is the development of the fundamental foundations of the theory of spatial economic equilibrium. A. Lösch significantly expands the set of factors and conditions considered in the location of enterprises and their combinations (taxes, duties, the effects of monopolies and oligopolies, etc.), saturating the theory of location with all the variety of microeconomic tools. is determined not only by the desire of each firm to maximize profits, but also by an increase in the number of firms that fill the entire market space.A. Losh proved the optimality of the hexagonal placement of firms (at the vertices of regular hexagons).

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A. Losh gave a detailed mathematical description of the market functioning of the system of producers and consumers, where each economic variable is tied to a certain point in space. The state of equilibrium, according to A. Lesh, is characterized by the following conditions: 1) the location of each firm has the maximum possible advantages for producers and consumers; 2) firms are located so that the territory is fully used; 3) there is equality of prices and costs (there is no excess income); 4) all market areas have a minimum size (in the form of a hexagon); 5) the boundaries of market arenas pass along the lines of indifference (isolines), which, according to A. Lyosha, ensures the stability of the equilibrium found. The greatest scientific achievement of A. Lesh, raising him above all theorists of spatial economics until the middle of the 20th century, is the development of the fundamental foundations of the theory of spatial economic equilibrium.

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DOMESTIC SCHOOL OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC RESEARCH Interest in the territorial economic and state structure was shown by such scientists as M.V. Lomonosov, A.N. Radishchev, K.I. Arseniev, D.I. Mendeleev, D.I. Richter, N.G. Chernyshevsky and many others. In the 19th - early 20th centuries, regional studies in Russia concentrated mainly on the study of natural productive forces, socio-economic geography, natural and economic zoning, regional statistics, problems of regional markets. The first regional studies in Russia were associated with zoning problems, with the division of a vast territory Russian Empire into administrative units. For a long time, it was the administrative-territorial structure of our state that was the basis of economic zoning.

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The economic zoning of Russia was first considered in the 18th century. Already in the works of V. N. Tatishchev and M. V. Lomonosov (he was the first to use the term “economic geography”), materials appear devoted to the elements of interaction between nature, population and economy. Later - in the XIX - early XX centuries. - there are major scientific studies on zoning by K. I. Arsenyev (“Inscription of the statistics of the Russian state”), N. P. Ogareva (“Experience of the statistical distribution of the Russian Empire”), V. P. Semenov (“Trade and industry of European Russia by regions ”), D. I. Mendeleev (“Factory industry and trade in Russia”), A. F. Fortunatova (“On the issue of agricultural areas in Russia”), A. N. Chelintseva, S. Yu. Witte, V. I. Vernadsky, A. I. Skvortsov and others.

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Regional economic research in the USSR developed under the strong influence of the state; since the late 1920s they were rigidly focused on the tasks of planned management. Theoretical and methodological research on the regional economy in the USSR, before the start of active entry into world science and the transition to market relations, concentrated around three problems: regularities, principles and factors in the distribution of productive forces; economic zoning; methods of planning and regulation of territorial and regional development. The most prominent authorities among Soviet regionalists - economists and geographers - were I.G. Aleksandrov, N.N. Baransky, B.C. Nemchinov, N.N. Nekrasov, A.E. Probst, Yu.G. Saushkin, Ya. G. Feigin, R. I. Shniper.

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The genesis of domestic theories of regional development The first stage: 20-70 years of the XX century - the beginning of large-scale practical territorial and economic research and the creation of prerequisites for the formation of a regional economy. Second stage: 1960-1990 - characterized by a radical restructuring of territorial and economic research, the emergence and initial development of the planned economy of the regional economy. The third stage: from the beginning of the 1990s, was accompanied by the adaptation of the regional economy and management to market relations.

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Modern trends in the development of theories of regional economics The development of the theory of regional economics is carried out along two main lines: 1) expansion and deepening of the content (subject) of research (addition of classical theories with new factors, study and understanding of new processes and phenomena, emphasis on complex problems requiring an interdisciplinary approach) ; 2) strengthening the research methodology (especially the application of mathematical methods and informatics).

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Modern directions of development of theoretical research new paradigms and concepts of the region; placement of activities; spatial organization of the economy; interregional interactions.

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New paradigms and concepts of the region In the works of the founders of the regional economy, the region acted only as a concentration natural resources and population, production and consumption of goods, services. The region was not considered as a subject of economic relations, a bearer of special economic interests. In modern theories, the region is studied as a multifunctional and multifaceted system. The most widespread are four paradigms of the region: region-quasi-state, region-quasi-corporation, region-market (market area), region-society.

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Placement of activities New objects of the theory are the placement of innovations, telecommunications and computer systems, the development of restructuring and convertible industrial-technological complexes. An important stage in the development of the theory of location was the study of the process of creation and dissemination of innovations T. Hagerstrand put forward the theory of diffusion of innovations The theory of regional life cycle is closely related to the theory of diffusion of innovations. According to this theory, regional economic policy should focus on creating favorable conditions for the innovation stage in less developed regions, for example, in the form of creating educational and scientific centers (technopolises, science cities, etc.).

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Spatial organization of the economy Theories of structuring and effective organization of economic space are based on the functional properties of the forms of spatial organization of production and settlement - industrial and transport hubs, agglomerations, territorial production complexes, urban and rural settlements different type. The theory of growth poles has received wide recognition. The idea of growth poles, put forward by the French economist F. Perroux, is based on the idea of the leading role of the sectoral structure of the economy and, first of all, the leading industries that create new goods and services. The theory of growth poles was developed in the works of P. Pottier on the axes of development. In modern practice of spatial economic development the ideas of growth poles are being implemented in the creation of free economic zones, technopolises, technology parks. THANKS FOR ATTENTION!!!

Regional economics is a science that studies the fundamentals of rational distribution of production and sales markets for products. The main task of the regional economy is the scientific substantiation of a “reasonable compromise” between the economic interests of the country as a whole and its individual regions.

Taxonomic units in the regional economy A region is a part of a territory that differs from other parts in a number of features or elements and has some integrity and interconnectedness of its constituent elements. The basis of the territorial management of the national economy of Russia is economic zoning as an integral territorial part. National economy a country with its own production specialization, strong internal economic ties The economic region is inextricably linked with other parts of the country by the social territorial division of labor as a single economic entity with strong internal ties

Methods for studying the regional economy The balance method used to develop balance sheets for the production and distribution of any resources (material, financial, any goods and services, etc.), including: The matrix method, which involves differentiation of sources of income (production) and consumption of various resources. Normative method - a method of substantiating indicators using established norms and standards, within which design, economic, social, technological processes and phenomena must be carried out Cartographic method - a map as a source of obtaining information on the location of productive forces and the economy of regions System analysis is a method of scientific research, with in which a comprehensive study of the problem, the structure of the economy and internal relationships The program-target method, which consists in calculating the required resources and the effectiveness of their use for a specific program Economic and mathematical modeling of territorial economic processes Statistical methods - calculation of indices based on statistical data, correlation analysis, as well as other methods, such as the method of selective study, generalization Method of systematization Method of economic and geographical research

The whole variety of factors influencing the location of production can be combined into related groups: natural factors, including the economic assessment of individual natural conditions and resources for the development of individual industries and regions; socio-economic factors; factors of rational nature management; demographic factors. When placing manufacturing industries, in our opinion, the following groups of factors should be taken into account: energy, raw materials, water, labor, and transport. When locating extractive industries, important factors are6 the economic assessment of resources and the technology of their primary processing, the transport factor, the level of development of mining and processing technology, as well as the availability of cheap electricity to mining and primary processing areas. The development of branches of the agro-industrial complex and their placement along with the water factor requires taking into account the land factor. Demographic factors have a huge impact on the distribution of productive forces. When locating individual enterprises and sectors of the economy, both the current demographic situation and its shifts in one direction or another in the short and long term must be taken into account. For Russia, with its great extent and cooperation between production and labor, the transport factor is of particular importance. Recently, when locating enterprises and entire industries, the environmental factor has acquired a special role.

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The main objectives of the course

To study fundamental knowledge on theoretical issues of regional governance; To get acquainted with the state of the economy of the Russian regions, with the main problems and ways to solve them; To develop the skills of a systematic, integrated approach to solving the problems of regional management.

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Basic concepts

Management Region Territorial organization Regional management Typology of regions Differentiation of regions Regional development

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Literature

Butov V.I., Ignatov V.G., Ketova N.V. Fundamentals of Regional Economics. - M., 2000. Regional Economics / Tyaglov S.G., Chernysh E.A., Molchanova N.P. etc. / Under the editorship of prof. N.G. Kuznetsova and prof. Tyaglova S.G. - Rostov n / D., 2001. Regional economy: Tutorial/ Ed. M.V. Stepanova. - M., 2002. Regional Economics: Textbook / Ed. IN AND. Vidyapina, M.V. Stepanova. - M.: INFRA-M, 2005. - 686s. Regional development: the experience of Russia and the European Union. Ed. A.G. Granberg. - M., 2001. 2003. Regional studies / Ed. T.G. Morozova. – M.: INFRA-M, 2004. – 567p. The standard of living of the population of the Tomsk region. 2005 - Tomsk, 2006. - 120p. Economic and regional geography of Russia / Ed. A.P. Khrushchev. - M .: Bustard, 2002. - 672 p. Turgel I.D. Regional Economics and Management: A Course of Lectures. - M.: RUDN, 2003. - 403 p. Regional Economics and Management: Textbook / A.A. Voronina, L.N. Lisovtseva, B.G. Preobrazhensky, N.I. Rogacheva and others - Voronezh: Voronezh State University, 2004. - p. 7-8 Management of the regional economy / G.V. Gutman, A.A. Miroedov, S.V. Fedin; Ed. G.V. Gutman. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2002. - 176 p.

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Information resources on the Internet:

information and analytical sites of the regions; website of Rosstat - www.gks.ru website of the International Center for Social and Economic Research Leontief Center http://leontief.ru/ website of the Institute of Regional Policy - http://www.regionalistica.ru/ website of the Center fiscal policy- http://www.fpcenter.ru/ website of the Ministry of Regional Development - http://www.minregion.ru/ website of the World Bank - http://web.worldbank.org

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TOPIC 1 SUBJECT, OBJECT AND METHODS OF REGIONAL ECONOMY AS A SCIENCE

1. Subject and object of the regional economy.2. Methods of regional economy.3. Stages of regional economic research

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Subject and object of regional economy

Regional economics - science studies the problems and patterns of functioning and development of the country's economy, which is considered as a system of interacting regions, free economic zones, large economic regions, individual territorial production complexes, as well as large industrial and urban agglomerations.

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Stages of the formation of science

There are three stages of development theoretical foundations Regional Economics: The Origin of Theories and Their Genesis within the Science of the West; Development in the USSR; convergence of regional studies of the West and the East; Modern directions of development of the regional economy as a unified world science.

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"Region" - a word of Latin origin (from the root regio) in translation means country, region, region. A region is a certain territory that differs from other territories in a number of ways and has some integrity, interconnectedness of its constituent elements.

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Economic zoning

With economic zoning in Russian Federation There are 12 economic regions (ER): Central Central Black Earth East Siberian Far East Northern North Caucasian Northwestern Volga Ural Volga-Vyatka West Siberian Baltic http://openbudget.karelia.ru/budnord/russian/russia_map.htm

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Approaches to the problems of functioning of regions

World economic approach Geopolitical approach Territorial reproduction approach Geographic Reproduction process

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Methods of regional economy

System analysis Method of systematization Balance method Normative method Method of economic and geographical research Cartographic method Method of economic and mathematical modeling Methods of multidimensional statistical analysis Methods of sociological research Methods of comparing regional living standards of the population and forecasting the development of regional social infrastructure

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Stages of regional economic research

in Russia in the 20s of the 20th century, R&D is associated with territorial development and industrialization beginning of the 60s of the 20th century issues of development and location of industrial production, industries across the country after the collapse of the USSR adaptation of the regional economy, its methodological base to market relations

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Questions for independent work:

The concept of spatial development, factors reflecting the influence of space. Tasks of regional management Distribution of productive forces - regularities, principles and factors.

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The development of theories of regional economics and management within the framework of Western science A) The space factor in the history of economic thought Problems of economic space attracted the attention of ancient philosophers (Aristotle, Plato), creators of social utopias (T. More, T. Companella, C. Fourier, R. Owen), and in the 17th–18th centuries they were constantly included in the structure of emerging economic theories. In this regard, it is appropriate to name first of all R. Cantillon, J. Stewart, A. Smith, and especially D. Ricardo with his principle of comparative advantages in interregional trade and the theory of rent by location.

I. Tyunen's Theory of the Agricultural Standart The formation of the theory of location (localization) is commonly associated with the publication in 1826 of the book by the German economist J. Tunen (J. Thunen) "An isolated state in its relation to agriculture and national economy." The main content of this fundamental work was the identification of regularities in the location of agricultural production, depending on the distance from the place of production to the market for the sale of products (i.e., transport costs). In his research, J. Thünen assumed the existence of a state economically isolated from the rest of the world, within which there is a central city, which is the only market for agricultural products and at the same time a source of industrial goods. The price of each product at any point in space differs from its price in the city by the amount of transportation costs, which are taken to be directly proportional to the weight of the cargo and the distance of transportation. The criterion for optimizing accommodation in the works of J. Thünen is the minimization of transport costs.

J. Thünen distinguishes six belts (rings) for the location of agricultural activities, based on the conditions of farming on his estate in Mecklenburg - a highly productive suburban economy; - forestry; - fruit production; - pasture farming; - three-field crop rotation fields; - zone of livestock production.

Three factors of location are analyzed: transport, labor force, agglomeration. Accordingly, three main orientations in location are distinguished: transport, working and agglomeration. To find the transport point (standort) (the place where, taking into account the location of the consumer center and sources of raw materials, the minimum value of transport costs takes place), the weight (location) triangle of W. Launhardt is used. To determine the industrial standard, taking into account the joint influence of transport cost factors and labor force, A. Weber resorts to the construction of the so-called isodapane (isodapane). Graphically, such lines can be represented in the form of closed curves, which are described around the transport minimum point and connect the points of identical deviations in transport costs when moving production to work points.

V. Kristaller calls the central places economic centers that serve goods and services not only to themselves, but also to the population of their district (sales zone). According to V. Kristaller, over time, service and sales areas tend to take shape in regular hexagons (honeycombs), and the entire populated area is covered with hexagons without gaps (Kristaller lattice). This minimizes the average distance for product distribution or travel to shopping and service centers. The theory of V. Kristaller explains why some goods and services should be produced (provided) in each settlement (essential products), others in medium-sized settlements (ordinary clothing, basic household services, etc.), others only in large cities (items luxury, theatres, museums, etc.)

C) Theories of regional specialization and interregional trade internationalists, not regionalists. First of all, one should name the classics of English political economy A. Smith and D. Ricardo, as well as the Swedish economists E. Hecksher and B. Ohlin.

Heckscher Ohlin's theory In the 30s of the XX century. The Swedish economists E. Heckscher and B. Ohlin developed the theory of the international (interregional) division of labor, introducing into consideration the ratio of the main interchangeable factors of production (labor, capital, land, etc.). Their main theoretical provisions boil down to the following: 1) countries (regions) should export products of intensive use of excess (relatively not scarce) factors of production and import products of intensive use of factors that are scarce for them; 2) in international (interregional) trade, under appropriate conditions, there is a tendency to equalize "factorial prices"; 3) the export and import of goods can be replaced by the movement of factors of production.

D) General theory of location The doctrine of the spatial organization of the economy by A. Losch The main work of the German scientist A. Losch (A. Losch) "Spatial organization of the economy" (1940). A. Lösch significantly expands the set of factors and conditions considered in the location of enterprises and their combinations (taxes, duties, the effects of monopolies and oligopolies, etc.), saturating the theory of location with all the variety of microeconomic tools He analyzes the situation of location of firms in a competitive environment , when the choice of location is determined not only by the desire of each firm to maximize profits, but also by an increase in the number of firms filling the entire market space, A. Losh proved the optimality of the hexagonal location of firms (at the vertices of regular hexagons).

DOMESTIC SCHOOL OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC RESEARCH Interest in the territorial economic and state structure was shown by such scientists as M.V. Lomonosov, A.N. Radishchev, K.I. Arseniev, D.I. Mendeleev, D.I. Richter, N.G. Chernyshevsky and many others. IN XIX early XX century, regional studies in Russia focused mainly on the study of natural productive forces, socio-economic geography, natural and economic zoning, regional statistics, problems of regional markets. The first regional studies in Russia were associated with regionalization problems, with the division of the vast territory of the Russian Empire into administrative units. For a long time, it was the administrative-territorial structure of our state that was the basis of economic zoning.

The economic zoning of Russia was first considered in the 18th century. Already in the works of V. N. Tatishchev and M. V. Lomonosov (he was the first to use the term “economic geography”), materials appear devoted to the elements of interaction between nature, population and economy. Later in the 19th and early 20th centuries there are large-scale scientific studies on zoning by K. I. Arsenyev (“Inscription of the statistics of the Russian state”), N. P. Ogareva (“Experience of the statistical distribution of the Russian Empire”), V. P. Semenov (“Trade and industry of European Russia by regions” ), D. I. Mendeleev (“Factory industry and trade in Russia”), A. F. Fortunatova (“On the issue of agricultural areas in Russia”), A. N. Chelintseva, S. Yu. Witte, V. I. Vernadsky, A. I. Skvortsov and others.

Regional economic research in the USSR developed under the strong influence of the state; since the late 1920s they were rigidly focused on the tasks of planned management. Theoretical and methodological research on the regional economy in the USSR, before the start of active entry into world science and the transition to market relations, concentrated around three problems: regularities, principles and factors in the distribution of productive forces; economic zoning; methods of planning and regulation of territorial and regional development. The most prominent authorities among Soviet regionalists, economists and geographers, were I.G. Aleksandrov, N.N. Baransky, B.C. Nemchinov, N.N. Nekrasov, A.E. Probst, Yu.G. Saushkin, Ya. G. Feigin, R. I. Shniper.

Genesis of domestic theories of regional development The first stage: the years of the 20th century - the beginning of large-scale practical territorial and economic research and the creation of prerequisites for the formation of a regional economy. Second stage: - characterized by a radical restructuring of territorial and economic research, the emergence and initial development of the planned economy of the regional economy. The third stage: from the beginning of the 1990s, was accompanied by the adaptation of the regional economy and management to market relations.

New paradigms and concepts of the region In the works of the founders of the regional economy, the region acted only as a concentration of natural resources and population, production and consumption of goods, and the service sector. The region was not considered as a subject of economic relations, a bearer of special economic interests. In modern theories, the region is studied as a multifunctional and multifaceted system. The most widespread are four paradigms of the region: region-quasi-state, region-quasi-corporation, region-market (market area), region-society.

Placement of activities New objects of the theory are the placement of innovations, telecommunications and computer systems, the development of restructuring and convertible industrial and technological complexes. An important stage in the development of the theory of location was the study of the process of creation and dissemination of innovations T. Hagerstrand (T. Hagerstrand) put forward the theory of diffusion of innovations The theory of regional life cycle is closely related to the theory of diffusion of innovations. According to this theory, regional economic policy should focus on creating favorable conditions for the innovation stage in less developed regions, for example, in the form of creating educational and scientific centers (technopolises, science cities, etc.).

Spatial organization of the economy Theories of structuring and effective organization of economic space are based on the functional properties of the forms of spatial organization of production and settlement of industrial and transport hubs, agglomerations, territorial production complexes, urban and rural settlements of various types. The theory of growth poles has received wide recognition. The idea of growth poles, put forward by the French economist F. Perroux, is based on the idea of the leading role of the sectoral structure of the economy and, first of all, the leading industries that create new goods and services. The theory of growth poles was developed in the works of P. Pottier on the axes of development. In the modern practice of spatial economic development, the ideas of growth poles are implemented in the creation of free economic zones, technopolises, technology parks.

Inter-regional economic interactions The modern theory of inter-regional economic interactions (or interactions of regional economies) includes and integrates particular theories of the location of production and production factors, inter-regional economic relations, and distribution relations.

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Lecture questions Development of theories of regional economics and management within the framework of Western science 2. Domestic school of regional economic research 3. Modern trends in the development of theories of regional economics

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Development of theories of regional economics and management within the framework of Western science

A) The space factor in the history of economic thought The problems of economic space attracted the attention of ancient philosophers (Aristotle, Plato), the creators of social utopias (T. Mor, T. Companella, C. Fourier, R. Owen), and in the XVII - XVIII centuries constantly were part of the structure of emerging economic theories. In this regard, it is appropriate to name first of all R. Cantillon, J. Stewart, A. Smith, and especially D. Ricardo with his principle of comparative advantages in interregional trade and the theory of rent by location.

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B) The first theories of production location

The first experience of regional scientific research is associated with the names of J. Thünen, W. Launhgardt, A. Weber. Their work had a significant impact on the subsequent formation of the theory of spatial and regional economics.

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The theory of the agricultural standard of I. Tyunen

The formation of the theory of location (localization) is usually associated with the publication in 1826 of the book by the German economist J. Thunen (J. Thunen) "An isolated state in its relation to agriculture and national economy." The main content of this fundamental work was the identification of regularities in the location of agricultural production, depending on the distance from the place of production to the market for the sale of products (i.e., transport costs). In his research, J. Thünen assumed the existence of a state economically isolated from the rest of the world, within which there is a central city, which is the only market for agricultural products and at the same time a source of industrial goods. The price of each product at any point in space differs from its price in the city by the amount of transportation costs, which are taken to be directly proportional to the weight of the cargo and the distance of transportation. The criterion for optimizing accommodation in the works of J. Thünen is the minimization of transport costs.

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Rational standard of an industrial enterprise by W. Launhardt

The main discovery of the German scientist W. Launhardt (W. Laun-hardt), whose main work was published in 1882, is a method for finding the optimal location point for a separate industrial enterprise in relation to sources of raw materials and markets. The decisive factor in the location of production for W. Launhardt, as well as for Thünen, is transportation costs. Production costs are assumed to be equal for all points of the study area. The point of optimal location of the enterprise depends on the weight ratio of the transported goods and distances. To solve this problem, W. Launhardt developed the weighted (or location) triangle method - one of the first physical models in economics used to solve theoretical and practical problems.

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V. Launhardt's location triangle

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A. Weber's theory of industrial standard

The main work of the German economist and sociologist A. Weber "On the location of industry: the clean territory of the standard" was published in 1909. The scientist set himself the task of creating a general "pure" theory of the location of production based on the consideration of an isolated enterprise. He made a significant step forward in comparison with J. Thunen and W. Launhardt, introducing into the theoretical analysis new factors of production location in addition to transportation costs and setting a more general optimization problem: minimizing the total production costs, and not just transportation.

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Three factors of location are analyzed: transport, labor force, agglomeration. Accordingly, three main orientations in location are distinguished: transport, working and agglomeration. To find the transport point (standort) (the place where, taking into account the location of the consumer center and sources of raw materials, the minimum value of transport costs takes place), the weight (location) triangle of W. Launhardt is used. To determine the industrial standard, taking into account the joint influence of transport cost factors and labor force, A. Weber resorts to the construction of the so-called isodapane (isodapane). Graphically, such lines can be represented in the form of closed curves, which are described around the transport minimum point and connect the points of identical deviations in transport costs when moving production to work points.

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Transport and work stations and isodapans

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Transport points and area of agglomeration of production

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The theory of central places by V. Kristaller.

The first theory about the functions and placement of the system of settlements (central places) in the market space was put forward by W. Christaller in his main work "Central Places in Southern Germany", published in 1993. He substantiated the theoretical conclusions with empirical data.

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Location of service areas and settlements according to the theory of V. Kristaller

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C) Theories of regional specialization and interregional trade

The theoretical principles of industrial specialization of regions and interregional trade were formally first derived within the framework of the theories of international economic relations, i.e. internationalists, not regionalists. First of all, one should name the classics of English political economy A. Smith and D. Ricardo, as well as the Swedish economists E. Hecksher and B. Ohlin.

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Theories of absolute and comparative advantages of A. Smith and D. Ricardo

The international division of labor, A. Smith believed, should be carried out taking into account the absolute advantages that this or that country has (we mean the region). Each country (region) should specialize in the production and sale of the product in which it has an absolute advantage. D. Ricardo advanced in theory much further than A. Smith. He proved that absolute advantages are only a special case of the general principle of a rational division of labor. The main thing is not absolute, but relative (comparative) advantages. Even countries (regions) with higher production costs for all goods can benefit from specialization and exchange due to the "play" on the difference in costs.

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Heckscher-Ohlin theory

In the 30s of the XX century. The Swedish economists E. Heckscher and B. Ohlin developed the theory of the international (interregional) division of labor, introducing into consideration the ratio of the main interchangeable factors of production (labor, capital, land, etc.). Their main theoretical provisions boil down to the following: 1) countries (regions) should export products of intensive use of excess (relatively not scarce) factors of production and import products of intensive use of factors that are scarce for them; 2) in international (interregional) trade, under appropriate conditions, there is a tendency to equalize "factorial prices"; 3) the export and import of goods can be replaced by the movement of factors of production.

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D) General theory of locationThe doctrine of the spatial organization of the economy by A. Lyosha

The main work of the German scientist A. Lösch (A. Losch) "Spatial organization of the economy" "(1940). The pinnacle of A. Lösch's teachings is the development of the fundamental foundations of the theory of spatial economic equilibrium. A. Lösch significantly expands the list of factors and conditions considered in location of enterprises and their combinations (taxes, duties, effects of monopolies and oligopolies, etc.), saturating the theory of location with all the variety of microeconomic tools He analyzes the situation of location of firms in a competitive environment, when the choice of location is determined not only by the desire of each firm to maximize profits , but also by an increase in the number of firms filling the entire market space.

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DOMESTIC SCHOOL OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC RESEARCH

Interest in the territorial economic and state structure was shown by such scientists as M.V. Lomonosov, A.N. Radishchev, K.I. Arseniev, D.I. Mendeleev, D.I. Richter, N.G. Chernyshevsky and many others. In the 19th - early 20th centuries, regional studies in Russia concentrated mainly on the study of natural productive forces, socio-economic geography, natural and economic zoning, regional statistics, problems of regional markets. The first regional studies in Russia were associated with zoning problems, with the division of a vast territory Russian Empire into administrative units. For a long time, it was the administrative-territorial structure of our state that was the basis of economic zoning.

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Genesis of domestic theories of regional development

The first stage: 20-70 years of the XX century - the beginning of large-scale practical territorial and economic research and the creation of prerequisites for the formation of a regional economy. Second stage: 1960-1990 - characterized by a radical restructuring of territorial and economic research, the emergence and initial development of the planned economy of the regional economy. The third stage: from the beginning of the 1990s, was accompanied by the adaptation of the regional economy and management to market relations.

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Modern directions of development of theories of regional economy

The development of the theory of regional economics is carried out along two main lines: 1) expansion and deepening of the content (subject) of research (addition of classical theories with new factors, study and understanding of new processes and phenomena, emphasis on complex problems requiring an interdisciplinary approach); 2) strengthening the research methodology (especially the application of mathematical methods and informatics).

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Modern trends in the development of theoretical research

new paradigms and concepts of the region; placement of activities; spatial organization of the economy; interregional interactions.

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New paradigms and concepts of the region

In the works of the founders of the regional economy, the region acted only as a concentration of natural resources and population, production and consumption of goods, and the service sector. The region was not considered as a subject of economic relations, a bearer of special economic interests. In modern theories, the region is studied as a multifunctional and multifaceted system. The most widespread are four paradigms of the region: region-quasi-state, region-quasi-corporation, region-market (market area), region-society.

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Placement of activities

The new objects of the theory are the placement of innovations, telecommunications and computer systems, the development of restructuring and convertible industrial and technological complexes. An important stage in the development of the theory of location was the study of the process of creation and dissemination of innovations T. Hagerstrand (T. Hagerstrand) put forward the theory of diffusion of innovations The theory of regional life cycle is closely connected with the theory of diffusion of innovations. According to this theory, regional economic policy should focus on creating favorable conditions for the innovation stage in less developed regions, for example, in the form of creating educational and scientific centers (technopolises, science cities, etc.).

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Spatial organization of the economy

Theories of structuring and effective organization of economic space are based on the functional properties of the forms of spatial organization of production and settlement - industrial and transport hubs, agglomerations, territorial production complexes, urban and rural settlements of various types. The theory of growth poles has received wide recognition. The idea of growth poles, put forward by the French economist F. Perroux, is based on the idea of the leading role of the sectoral structure of the economy and, first of all, the leading industries that create new goods and services. The theory of growth poles was developed in the works of P. Pottier on the axes of development. In the modern practice of spatial economic development, the ideas of growth poles are implemented in the creation of free economic zones, technopolises, technology parks.

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Interregional economic interactions

The modern theory of interregional economic interactions (or the interaction of regional economies) includes and integrates private theories of the location of production and production factors, interregional economic relations, and distribution relations.

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THANKS FOR ATTENTION!!!

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