In the modern world, it is difficult to underestimate, because it is this sector of production that determines the level and quality of our life. Industry is the most important part of the world economy, and at the level of the country's economy it is the industry on which the achievements of the entire national economy of any state depend.

With the development of industry, a person's way of life has radically changed.

It was the industrial revolution of the second half of the 17th century. marked the transition from an agrarian type of society to an industrial one. Labor productivity in material production, as the main indicator of the fruitfulness of human activities, is significantly higher than in agriculture or the service sector. All branches of industry are characterized by a stable growth in production volumes. At the same time, in highly developed countries, the number of workers employed in industrial production is declining. This effect of the development of modern industry is denoted by the term “deserted growth”.

Such a high importance of industry is understandable and justified: it is one of the main customers of all other sectors of the economy, as well as a force that can set in motion technological research of varying degrees of complexity. It is in this sphere of human activity that all the latest developments and achievements of scientific and technological progress are first introduced. In this regard, the main feature of the industrial world today is the stable growth of industries with a high degree of science intensity, which create expensive and, as a rule, innovative products. Small business and medium-sized businesses play an important role here, providing the population with new jobs and increasing their share in the creation of the gross domestic product from year to year.

The impetus for the arrival and solid foundation of private business in industry was its comprehensive support from the states of economically highly developed countries, which was reflected primarily in the creation of the most favorable environment for doing business.
Despite the announced transition to a post-industrial society in which the service sector plays a primary role, the expected decline in the importance of industry did not happen.

And although the global gross domestic product largely shapes the service sector, trade in international markets is still represented by industrial products. In addition, some types of economic activities related to the service sector according to the accepted classification are in fact closely related to industry. For example, services of a production nature provided by maintenance companies or commissioning services.
Thus, it is industry that is the main factor in the development of human society, the importance of which will only increase along with the growth of the population and its needs.

The world economy is a set of national economies interconnected by the system of the international division of labor and international economic relations; it is a historically formed and gradually developing system of national economies of the countries of the world

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ESSAY

in the discipline "World Economy"

on the topic of:

The role of modern industry in the global economy

CONTENT

Introduction

The world economy is a set of national economies interconnected by a systeminternational division of laborand international economic relations; it is a historically formed and gradually developing system of national economies of the countries of the world, interconnected by world economic relations, developing on the basis of the international geographical division of labor

Industry - a set of enterprises employed production tools of labor for other sectors of the national and world economy and for the industry itself, as well as the extraction of raw materials, materials,fuel production energy, logging and further processing of products obtained in industry or produced inagriculture, production of consumer goods. Industry is the most important industrynational economy, which has a decisive impact on the level of development of the productive forces of society.

Success in the development of industry determines the degree to which the needs of society are satisfied for the products vital for all sectors of the economy and for all people, the provision of technical re-equipment and the intensification of production. It is industrial products that guarantee the satisfaction of the basic modern material social needs. The world industry employs about 400 million people. Manufactured goods make up 70% of the world trade. Therefore, the study of the place and role of modern industry in the world economy is a topic, of course, relevant.

The purpose of this study is to study the role of modern industry in the world economy.To achieve the goal, the following tasks are formulated:

1. Study the theoretical foundations of industry, its branches;
2. Study the process of formation and development of various industries in the world;
3. To study the development trends and the role of industry at the present time in the world economy.

The object of this work is the world economy.The subject of this work is modern industry in the world economy.

Classification of industries

An industry sector is a set of business entities, regardless of their departmental affiliation and forms of ownership, developing and (or) producing products (performing work and providing services) of certain types that have a homogeneous consumer or functional significance.

The classification of industries is based on the following principles:

1. The economic purpose of the manufactured products;
2. The nature of the functioning of products in the production process;
3. Uniformity of the raw materials used, the commonality of technological processes and technological base of production;
4. The nature of the impact on the subject of labor, etc.

The most important principle of the classification of industries is the economic purpose of the products produced. Accordingly, the entire industry is divided into two large groups: industries producing means of production and industries producing consumer goods.

By the nature of the functioning of products in the production process, the entire industry is divided into sectors that produce elements of fixed assets, elements of circulating assets, and consumer goods. In practice, the classification of industries is widely used, which provides for their unification into large complex industries according to one of the following criteria: the intended purpose of the product, the generality of the feedstock, the affinity of the technology used.

The classification of industries by the nature of the impact on the subject of labor divides them into two groups: extractive and processing industries. The extractive industry includes mining enterprises - for the extraction of ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals and non-metallic raw materials for metallurgy, mining chemical raw materials, oil, gas, coal, peat, shale, salt, non-metallic building materials, as well as hydroelectric power plants, forest exploitation enterprises, for catching fish and the extraction of seafood.

The manufacturing industry includes enterprises for the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled products, chemical and petrochemical products, machinery and equipment, woodworking products and the pulp and paper industry, cement and other building materials, products of the light and food industries, as well as thermal power plants and repair enterprises. industrial products.

There is also a classification of industries, providing for their unification into large complex industries according to one of the following criteria: the intended purpose of the product, the generality of the feedstock, the relatedness of the technology used. According to this classification, the industry of any country can be divided into three large industries:

1. Heavy industry (industries producing mainly means of production: tools, raw materials, fuel);
2. Light industry (set of specializedindustries producing mainly consumer goods from various types raw materials);
3. Food industry (light industry, the totality of food production in finished form or in the form of semi-finished products).

Depending on the time of the emergence of the industry, the industry is divided into three groups:

1. old industries that arose during industrial revolutions (coal, metallurgical and textile industries, steam locomotive construction, etc.). These industries are growing at a slower pace these days;
   1. new industries that determined scientific and technological progress in the first half of the XX century. (automotive industry, plastics and chemical fiber production, etc.). These industries are currently growing at a faster pace;
   2. the latest industries that emerged in the era of scientific and technological revolution and related to science-intensive industries (microelectronics, microbiology, robotics, etc.). These industries are called high-tech industries. These industries are growing at the fastest and most sustainable rates today.

The sectoral classification of industry makes it possible to characterize inter-industry ties, the level of development of various industries, and their contribution to the gross domestic product. It is based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities - ISIC. Prior to January 1, 2003, the sectoral classification in Russia was determined by the All-Union Classifier of Sectors of the National Economy (OKONKh). It was replaced by the All-Russian Classifier of Economic Activities (OKVED).

When analyzing the sectoral structure of an industry, it is advisable to consider not only its individual sectors, but also groups of sectors that are intersectoral complexes (these are aggregates of certain groups of industries that are characterized by the release of similar or related products or the performance of work, services). Below is a table that reflects the main characteristics of intersectoral complexes.

Table 1

Composition of intersectoral complexes of industry

Name and definition of intersectoral complex	Industries that make up the complex
Fuel and energy complex(Fuel and energy complex)	coal industry, gas industry, oil industry, peat industry oil shale industry, energy, industries for the production of energy and other types of equipment.
Metallurgical complex(MK)	branches of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, metallurgical engineering, mining engineering and repair base
Machine-building complex	heavy engineering, producing metal-consuming, dimensional, products; general mechanical engineering, which produces equipment of medium metal consumption, is technically relatively simple; medium machine building, which produces products of medium metal consumption and increased labor intensity; precision engineering, producing products with low metal consumption, but high labor intensity and science intensity; production of metal products (hardware);
Chemical forestry complex	chemical industry petrochemical industry timber industry woodworking industry pulp and paper industry wood chemical industry
Agricultural and industrial complex (AIC)	agricultural system processing industries feed and microbiological industry agricultural engineering mechanical engineering for light and food industries
Building complex	system of construction industries; building materials industry mechanical engineering repair base
Social complex	textile industry; clothing industry; leather industry, fur industry, shoe industry
Military-industrial complex(MIC)	industries and activities (primarily R&D) focused on meeting the needs of the Armed Forces

Continuation of table 1

As can be seen from the table, there are 8 intersectoral complexes of industry. The development of a particular industry in the country determines the development of an entire intersectoral complex, characterizes the direction of the state's economy, the direction of economic policy.

Fuel and energy complex - the basis of the world economy

There are three main stages in the development of the world's fuel and energy industry: coal, oil and gas, and modern.

At the end of the XIX and beginning of the XX century. in industrial energy and international trade in fuel, coal was dominant. Back in 1948, the share of coal in the total consumption of the main sources of energy was 60%. But in the 50-60s. The structure of energy resources consumption has changed significantly, oil took the first place - 51%, the share of coal decreased to 23%, natural gas accounted for 21.5%, hydropower - 3%, nuclear energy - 1.5%.

Such changes in the structure of energy resources consumption were due to the widespread development of new large sources of oil and natural gas; a number of advantages of these types of fuel over solid fuels (high efficiency of production, transportation, consumption); the scale of the use of oil and natural gas not only as fuel, but also as an industrial raw material increased.

Since the 80s. as a priority, a direction is put forward that provides for the transition from the use of predominantly exhaustible resources to the use of inexhaustible, unconventional energy sources (wind, solar, ebb and flow, nuclear energy, geothermal sources, hydro resources, etc.).

As a result, the share of oil in total consumption and production of energy resources began to decline (to 38% in 2000), the value of the angle increases again (31%), and natural gas has strengthened its position (23.5%). The increase in the use of hydropower, nuclear and other (alternative) energy sources is becoming more and more noticeable.

In the modern economy, oil and oil products are widely used both for energy purposes and as chemical raw materials.Oil belongs tonon-renewable resources. The explored oil reserves in 2004 amount to 210 billion tons (1200 billion tons).barrels), undiscovered - are estimated at 52-260 billion tons (300-1500 billion barrels).

World oil productioncurrently (for 2006) is about 3.8 billion tons per year, or 30 billion barrels per year.

The leading role in world oil production is played by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which includes Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, Indonesia, and Venezuela. The role of the CIS countries, primarily Russia, Azerbaijan (Absheron Peninsula, shelf and the bottom of the Caspian Sea), Turkmenistan (fields in the Uzboy region), Kazakhstan (Tengiz and Karachaganak fields, Mangyshlak peninsula, Ural-Emba basin) is also very important in world oil production.

table 2

Oil production at the largest fields in the world

As can be seen from the table, most of all oil is produced in the Persian Gulf (in 2006 - 250 million tons). If we compare the indicators for 2006 and 2008, then it can be argued that there is a tendency towards an increase in oil production in the world economy.

The ten largest oil producers are Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iran, China, Venezuela, Mexico, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Kazakhstan, Angola.

About half of all produced oil is exported. In addition toOPEC member countries, whose share in world oil exports is 65%, its largest suppliers to the world market are also Russia, Mexico, and Great Britain.

The sharp rise in oil prices in 2003-2008, as well as limited reservesdevelopment of technologies with reduced consumption of petroleum products, as well as the development of alternativegenerating capacities,not using petroleum products.

Natural gas, just like oil, is used as a fuel and as a raw material for the chemical industry. Natural gas is found in the ground at a depth of 1000 meters to several kilometers. In the bowels, gas is found in microscopic voids (pores). The pores are interconnected by microscopic channels - cracks, through these channels the gas flows from the pores with high pressure to the pores with a lower pressure until it is in the well. The movement of gas in the reservoir is subject to certain laws. Gas is extracted from the bowels of the earth using wells.

The world's largest natural gas producers are presented in the table:

Table 4

The world's largest gas producers

In 2005 in Russia the volume of natural gas production amounted to 548 billion cubic meters. Domestic consumers were supplied with 307 billion cubic meters through 220 regional gas distribution organizations. In the territoryRussia has 24 natural gas storage facilities. Length of main gas pipelines Of Russia is 155 thousand km.

In 2009 For the first time, the United States has overtaken Russia not only in terms of gas produced (624 billion cubic meters versus 582.3 billion cubic meters), but also in terms of commercial gas production, that is, sold to counterparties. This is due to increased productionshale gas.

V ecologically, natural gas is the cleanest type of mineral fuel. When burned, a much smaller amount of harmful substances is formed compared to other types of fuel. However, the burning by mankind of a huge amount of different types of fuel, including natural gas, over the past half century has led to a slight increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which isgreenhouse gas. Some scientists, on this basis, conclude that there is a danger of the greenhouse effect and, as a consequence, climate warming.

Metallurgical complex

Despite the decline in the value of metal as a structural material, at present it still remains the basis of modern industry, and in particular mechanical engineering.

For a number of years, the world metallurgy has been going through a rather difficult period of adaptation to structural changes in the modern economy. To the greatest extent, these problems affected the ferrous metallurgy. Over the past decades, metal saving has sharply increased in all spheres of the economy. In this regard, the specific consumption of steel products per unit of GDP decreased.

The world leader in steel production is China, whose share in the first half of 2009 amounted to 48%. According to the International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI), steel production in 2007 in the world was:

Table 5

World steel production in 2007

In 2008, the world produced 1 billion 329.7 million tons of steel, which is 1.2% less than in 2007. This was the first decline in annual production in the last 11 years.

According to the results of the first six months of 2009, steel production in 66 countries of the world, whose share in the global steel industry is at least 98%, decreased compared to the same period of the previous year by 21.3% - from 698.2 million tons to 549 , 3 million tons.

China increased steel production compared to the same period in 2008 by 1.2% - up to 266.6 million tons. In India, steel production increased by 1.3% - up to 27.6 million tons.

In the USA, steel production fell by 51.5%, in Japan - by 40.7%, in South Korea - by 17.3%, in Germany - by 43.5%, in Italy - by 42.8%, in France - by 41.5%, in Great Britain - by 41.8%, in Brazil - by 39.5%, in Russia - by 30.2%, in Ukraine - by 38.8%.

In June 2009, steel production in the world amounted to 99.8 million tons, which is 4.1% more than in May 2009.

Great changes are taking place in the international trade in ferrous metals. The traditional exporters of ferrous metal products are Japan and the EU countries. And they currently account for over half of the world's exports. The first place belongs to Germany.

But in recent years, the position of the Republic of Korea has been significantly strengthened, which is actively introducing itself into the markets of the USA, Japan and China. Korea is the world's largest indirect steel exporter. So, in the 90s. The steel intensity of Korea's exports was 10 times higher than the corresponding indicator of the EU countries and 3 times higher than that of Japan. Korea, in particular, exports 60% of cars, about 90% of ships, 60% of the electrical and electronic sector.

Currently, around 70 different types of non-ferrous metals are produced in the world. The five "giants" are aluminum, copper, zinc, nickel, and lead. They account for St. 97- 98% of total smelting. Tin, cobalt, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum and some others also occupy a prominent place.As of 2010, the share of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russian GDP is 2.6%, in industrial production - 10.2%

The economic importance of aluminum is especially great. The world's largest regions for the extraction of bauxite, a raw material for the production of aluminum, are located in Northern Australia, on the York Peninsula, as well as in the Guinea region in Africa and in the Caribbean (Jamaica), and others. Aluminum production tends to the centers of the production of electrical energy.

In 2007 the world produced 38 million tons of primary aluminum, and in2008 - 39.7 million tons. Production leaders were:

PRC (in 2007 it produced 12.60 million tons, and in 2008 - 13.50 million tons); Russia(3.96 / 4.20); Canada (3.09 / 3.10); USA (2.55 / 2.64); Australia (1.96 / 1.96); Brazil (1.66 / 1.66); India (1.22 / 1.30); Norway (1.30 / 1.10); UAE (0.89 / 0.92); Bahrain (0.87 / 0.87); South Africa (0.90 / 0.85); Iceland (0.40 / 0.79); Germany (0.55 / 0.59); Venezuela (0.61 / 0.55); Mozambique (0.56 / 0.55); Tajikistan (0.42 / 0.42).

The copper industry has developed greatly in countries with large deposits of copper ore. In the first place - Chile, the second place belongs to the USA. Indonesia, Australia, Canada, Russia are also of great importance. One of the largest regions of the copper industry has developed in Central Africa. This is the so-called copper belt, 500 km long, on the territory of Zaire and Zambia. Copper ore is mined here, ferrous and refined copper is smelted.

Russia is considered a great nickel power. It produces, which is 24.2% of the world's nickel production. Nickel production in Canada is 186.2 thousand tons (17.8% of global production), in Australia - 124.9 thousand tons (11.9%), on about. New Caledonia - 90.3 thousand tons (8.6%), in Indonesia - 83.9 thousand tons (8.0%).

At the present stage, attention is increasing to the smelting of rare metals (titanium, magnesium, germanium, tantalum, niobium, etc.), which are not only of purely economic importance, but are also important for military-strategic purposes.

Non-ferrous metals also include gold (the main production is carried out in South Africa - 447.2 tons, USA - 340.0 tons, Australia - 302.6 tons) and silver (the largest producers are Mexico, Peru, USA, Australia and Chile).

Mechanical engineering is the main branch of the global industry

Mechanical engineering is the main branch of the world industry, accounting for about 35% of the value of world industrial production. Mechanical engineering is the most labor-intensive industry among the industries. Instrument making, electrical and aerospace industries, nuclear engineering and other industries producing complex equipment are especially labor-intensive. In this regard, one of the main conditions for the placement of mechanical engineering is to provide it with a qualified workforce, the presence of a certain level of industrial culture, research and development centers.

The proximity to the raw material base is important only for some branches of heavy engineering (production of metallurgical, mining equipment, boiler construction, etc.).

In the mechanical engineering of the world, a dominant position is occupied by a small group of developed countries - the United States, which accounts for almost 30% of the cost of engineering products, Japan - 15%, Germany - about 10%, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada. Practically all types of modern mechanical engineering are developed in these countries, and their share in the world export of machinery is high. With an almost complete range of production of mechanical engineering products, the key role in the development of mechanical engineering in this group of countries belongs to the aerospace industry, microelectronics, robotics, nuclear power engineering, machine tools, heavy engineering, and the automotive industry.

The group of world leaders in mechanical engineering also includes Russia (6% of the cost of engineering products), China (3%) and several small industrialized countries - Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands, etc. Mechanical engineering has made great strides in its development in developing countries as well.

In developed countries, mechanical engineering is based on a high level of research and development (R&D), high qualifications of the workforce and is focused mainly on the production of technically complex and high-quality products. Mechanical engineering in developing countries, based on the low cost of local labor, specializes, as a rule, in the production of mass, labor-intensive, technically simple, low-quality types of products. Among the enterprises here are many purely assembly plants, receiving disassembled sets of machines from industrialized countries. Few developing countries have modern machine-building plants, primarily new industrial ones - South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, India, Turkey, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico. The main directions of development of their mechanical engineering are the production of household electrical appliances, the automotive industry, and shipbuilding.

Mechanical engineering is subdivided into general, including machine-tool engineering, heavy engineering, agricultural engineering and other industries, transport engineering and electrical engineering, including electronics. The largest producers and exporters of general engineering products in general are developed countries: Germany, USA, Japan, etc. Developed countries are also the main manufacturers and suppliers of machine tools to the world market (Japan, Germany, USA, Italy and Switzerland stand out). In the structure of the general mechanical engineering of developing countries, the production of agricultural machinery and simple equipment predominates.

Among the branches of transport engineering, the automotive industry is developing most dynamically. The area of ​​its spatial distribution is constantly growing and currently includes, along with traditional, major car manufacturers (Japan, USA, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain, Russia, etc.), relatively new countries for the industry - South Korea, Brazil, Argentina, China, Turkey, India, Malaysia, Poland.

In contrast to the automotive industry, the aircraft industry, shipbuilding, and the production of rolling stock of railways are stagnating. The main reason for this is the lack of demand for their products. Shipbuilding has moved from developed countries to developing countries. The largest ship manufacturers are South Korea (ahead of Japan and come out on top in the world), Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, China, Taiwan. At the same time, the USA, Western European countries (Great Britain, Germany, etc.), as a result of the reduction in ship production, ceased to play a noticeable role in world shipbuilding.

The aviation industry is concentrated in countries with a high level of science and workforce qualifications - the USA, Russia, France, Great Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands.

There are four main regions in the territorial structure of the world mechanical engineering - North America, foreign Europe, East and Southeast Asia and the CIS.

North America (USA, Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico) accounts for about 1/3 of the value of engineering products. In the international division of labor, the region acts as the largest manufacturer and exporter of highly sophisticated machinery, heavy engineering products and science-intensive industries. In the United States, which occupies a leading position in the region and the world in terms of the total value of mechanical engineering products, a large role belongs to aerospace engineering, military-industrial electronics, computer production, nuclear power engineering, military shipbuilding, etc.

The countries of Europe (excluding the CIS) also account for about 1/3 of the world's mechanical engineering. The region is represented by mechanical engineering of all types, it is especially distinguished by general mechanical engineering (machine tool building, production of equipment for metallurgy, textile, paper, watch and other industries), electrical engineering and electronics, transport engineering (automotive, aircraft, shipbuilding). The leader of European engineering Germany is the largest exporter of general engineering products in the region and in the world.

The region, which includes the countries of East and Southeast Asia, accounts for about a quarter of the world's mechanical engineering. The main stimulating factor in the development of mechanical engineering in the countries of the region is the relative cheapness of labor. The leader of the region is Japan - the second machine-building power in the world, the largest exporter of products from the most qualified industries (microelectronics, electrical engineering, aircraft engineering, robotics, etc.). Other countries - China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, etc. produce labor-intensive, but less complex products (production of household electrical appliances, cars, ships, etc.) and are also very actively involved in work on the external market ...

The CIS countries form a special region of the world mechanical engineering. They have a full range of engineering production. The branches of the military-industrial complex, the aviation and rocket-space industries, consumer electronics, and individual simple branches of general mechanical engineering (the production of agricultural machinery, metal-consuming machine tools, power equipment, etc.) have received great development here.

Outside the main machine-building regions, there are machine-building centers that are quite large in scale and complexity of the structure of production - India, Brazil, Argentina. Their mechanical engineering is mainly working for the domestic market. These countries export cars, ships, bicycles, simple types of household appliances (refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, calculators, watches, etc.).

Chemical industry of the world

As part of the chemical industry, there are:

• mining and chemical industry (extraction of apatites and phosphorites, sodium chloride and potassium salts, sulfur and other mining chemical raw materials);
• the main chemical industry producing inorganic compounds (acids, alkalis, soda, mineral fertilizers, etc.);
• the industry of polymeric materials (including organic synthesis), the most important branches of which are the production of synthetic rubber, synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers.

The location of the chemical industry depends on many factors. The chemical industry is a very capacious consumer of raw materials, the specific costs of which in some cases significantly exceed the weight of finished products (production of soda, synthetic rubber, plastics, chemical fibers, potash and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.).

In addition to a large amount of raw materials, chemical industries (production of synthetic materials, soda, etc.) consume a lot of water, fuel and energy.

Its high-tech production (the production of varnishes, dyes, reagents, pharmaceuticals, photographic and toxic chemicals, high-quality polymeric materials, special-purpose chemicals for electronics, etc.) make high demands on the level of training of the workforce, the development of R&D, the production of special equipment (devices , devices, machines).

Strengthening the science intensity of the chemical industry as a whole, and especially its individual industries, predetermined the priority of the development of the industry in highly developed countries. Many traditional branches of the chemical industry - mining chemistry, inorganic chemistry (including the production of fertilizers), the production of some simple organic products (including plastics and chemical fibers) have been rapidly developing in recent years in developing countries.

Below are the largest chemical companies in the world:

Table 6

As you can see from the table, the first place belongs to the company BASF AG , Germany, also leading companies from the USA, Great Britain, Germany.

A very large region specializing in the production of chemical products (mainly semi-products of organic synthesis and fertilizers) has developed in the Persian Gulf. The raw materials for production here are huge resources of associated (oil production) gas. The oil-producing countries of the region — Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iran, Bahrain, and others — provide 5-7% of the world's chemical products, which are almost entirely export-oriented.

Outside these areas, the chemical industry of the CIS countries is distinguished by a high level of development, where Russia, China, the Republic of Korea, India, Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil stand out.

Among the industries, the leading place is occupied by the polymer materials industry, based on oil and gas or petrochemical raw materials. For a long period of time, the raw material base of the polymer materials industry was almost everywhere coal-chemical and plant raw materials. The change in the nature of the raw material base significantly influenced the geography of industry - the importance of coal regions decreased, the role of oil and gas production regions and coastal regions increased.

Currently, the most powerful organic synthesis industry is in economically developed countries with large reserves of oil and gas (USA, Canada, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Russia, etc.), or occupying a favorable position for the supply of these types of chemical raw materials (Japan, Italy, France , Germany, Belgium, etc.).

All of the above-mentioned countries occupy leading positions in the world production of synthetic resins and plastics and other types of synthetic products. Of the polymer industries, only man-made fibers are showing a shift towards developing countries. In this type of production, along with the traditional leaders - the USA, Japan, Germany, etc., China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, and India have also been included in the number of the largest manufacturers in recent years.

Unlike the polymer materials industry, the mining and basic chemistry industries are widely represented not only in economically developed countries, but also in developing countries.

The leading producers of mineral fertilizers are China, USA, Canada, India, Russia, Germany, Belarus, France, Ukraine, Indonesia. At the same time, for the extraction and processing of phosphorites, along with the United States, the countries of Africa (Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Senegal, Benin), Asia (Jordan, Israel), the CIS (Russia, Kazakhstan), Christmas Islands and Nauru stand out.

The overwhelming part of the world production and processing of potash salts is carried out by the USA, Canada, Germany, France, Russia, Belarus.

The main raw material for the production of nitrogen fertilizers is natural gas. Therefore, among the most important producers and exporters of nitrogen fertilizers are, first of all, countries rich in natural gas (USA, Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, the countries of the Persian Gulf). Large quantities of nitrogen fertilizers are also produced by France, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, China, India, whose nitrogen fertilizer industry is closely related to the ferrous metallurgy of these countries.

Sulfur-producing countries - USA, Canada, Mexico, Germany, France, Poland. Ukraine, Russia, Turkmenistan, Japan, etc. The largest producers of sulfuric acid are the USA, China, Japan and Russia.

Light industry of the world

The light industry unites many industries and subsectors, the main of which are textiles, clothing and footwear. These industries are currently developing especially rapidly in the countries of new industrialization and other developing countries, which is largely due to their high availability of raw materials and cheap labor. Industrialized countries, having yielded their positions in a number of traditional mass, technically uncomplicated industries (cheap types of fabrics, footwear, clothing, and other types of consumer goods), retain the leading role in the manufacture of especially fashionable, high-quality, expensive products focused on high technology and labor qualifications, a limited circle of consumers (production of carpets, furs, jewelry, standards of footwear, clothing, fabrics from expensive raw materials, etc.).

The textile industry in the era of scientific and technological revolution has significantly changed its structure. For a long period of time, cotton remained the main branch of the world's textile industry, followed by wool, linen and man-made fiber processing. At present, the share of chemical fibers in the world production of fabrics has significantly increased, while the share of cotton, wool, and especially flax has decreased. Creation of mixed fabrics from natural and chemical fibers, knitwear (knitted fabric) was of great importance. The share of chemical fibers in the textile industry of developed countries has especially increased. In the economies of developing countries, the main types of textile raw materials remain cotton, wool, and natural silk, although the share of products made from chemical fibers has grown significantly in recent years.

The textile industry as a whole is developing at a faster pace in the group of developing countries. Asia has become the main region of the textile industry in the world, giving today about 70% of the total amount of fabrics, more than half of the production of cotton and woolen fabrics.

The main producers of cotton fabrics are China (30% of world production), India (10%), USA, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, Pakistan, Italy, Egypt,

A significant part of Asian countries are also among the leading producers of woolen fabrics. The world's largest manufacturer of these fabrics is China (15%), followed by Italy (14%), Japan, USA, India, Turkey, Republic of Korea, Germany, Great Britain, Spain.

And in the production of the most expensive silk fabrics, with the absolute leadership of the United States (over 50%), the share of Asian countries, especially India, China and Japan (over 40%) is also very large.

The production of linen fabrics has decreased significantly. They are produced in large quantities only in Russia and in Western Europe (France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain).

The developed countries of the world (especially the USA, Italy, Japan, Germany, France), while their share in the production of cotton and woolen fabrics is decreasing, remain the largest producers of knitwear and fabrics made of chemical fibers (synthetic and blended). Although in these types of textile industry their role is steadily declining due to the organization of production in developing countries (India, China, Republic of Korea, Taiwan, etc.).

Russia, which was one of the largest manufacturers of all types of natural fabrics in the world, is experiencing a dramatic decline in their production.

Developing countries are also of great importance in the production of garment products (underwear, outerwear, etc.). Many of them, and above all China, India, South Korea, Taiwan, Colombia, have become the largest manufacturers and exporters of ready-made clothing. Developed countries (especially the USA, France, Italy, etc.) are increasingly specialized in the production of fashionable, elite, individual products,

The footwear industry among the branches of the light industry has moved to the greatest extent from developed countries to countries with cheap labor - developing countries. The leaders in the manufacture of footwear were the PRC (which overtook the previous leaders in its production of Italy and the United States and gives more than 40% of footwear in the world) and other Asian countries - the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand. In developed countries (Italy, USA, Austria, Germany stand out), mainly the manufacture of leather shoes from expensive raw materials, with a high labor intensity of production, has been preserved... Italy is the largest manufacturer and exporter of such footwear. In Russia, the production of footwear in recent years has decreased several times, and the country from the world's largest producer of footwear (second only to China in 1990) has turned into a significant importer of footwear.

World timber industry

The timber industry includes harvesting, mechanical and chemical processing of wood, pulp and paper production.

The geography of the timber industry is largely determined by the location of forest resources. The world's forest resources (forested area of ​​the planet, reserves of wood on it) are concentrated in two forest belts that differ in geographical position and species composition - northern and southern.

The northern forest belt covers areas of the temperate zone of Eurasia and North America. Forests here are represented mainly by conifers (pine, spruce, larch, fir, cedar). Deciduous trees grow birch, aspen, alder, oak, beech, hornbeam, ash, and others. Coniferous forests occupy 1.2 billion hectares (or 1/3 of all forest areas in the world) with timber reserves of 127 billion cubic meters. m, of which most of the reserves are in Russia (over 60%), Canada (about 30%), the USA, Finland and Sweden. In the countries of the northern belt, the bulk of the world's commercial timber is harvested.

The southern forest belt includes humid equatorial and seasonal rainforests of the Amazon in South America (Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, etc.), Africa (Republic of Congo and Cote d'Ivoire, Angola, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, etc.) , Southeast

Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, etc.), Australia and Oceania (Papua New Guinea, northeastern Australia, etc.). Hardwoods dominate here. Among them are especially valuable ornamental wood - mahogany, iron, sandalwood, etc. Most of the timber reserves of the belt are concentrated in South America (about 60%) and Asia (25%). In the countries of the southern belt (these are mainly developing countries), of all harvested timber, only 10 - 20% is used for business (most of it is exported to Western Europe, Japan, etc.), the rest is used as fuel.

The volume of timber harvesting in the world is 4 billion cubic meters. m, of which about a third (1.2 billion cubic meters) is harvested in developed countries. In recent years, the share of developing countries has been growing. The United States, Russia, Canada, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, China, and Sweden are especially distinguished by the scale of logging. The largest wood exporters are the United States (15% of world exports), India and Brazil (8% each), Indonesia and Canada (6% each).

Mechanical and chemical processing of wood is the lot of mainly developed countries. In the world production of sawn timber (500 million cubic meters), the main countries are the USA (20%), Canada (12%), Japan, China and Russia (6% each); cellulose (160 million tons) - USA (30%), Canada (15%), China, Japan, Sweden, Finland (6-7% each); paper (180 million tons) - USA (45%), Japan (16%), China (12%), Canada (10%), Finland, Sweden, France, Republic of Korea.

Finland (1400 kg), Sweden (670 kg), Canada (530 kg), Norway (400 kg) are leading in the production of paper per capita (on average 45 kg in the world). In Russia, this figure is much lower - 35 kg.

Conclusion

So, it is clear that the industries of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) are capital-intensive industries. In industrialized countries, where all its branches are represented, usually the main capital investments within the range of up to 85% are in the oil and gas industry and the electric power industry (approximately in equal shares) and up to 15% in the oil refining and coal industry. Investments in the oil industry have a significant impact on the investment process in the fuel and energy complex as a whole.

The cyclical nature of the development of business activity in the oil industry is associated with the fact that decisions to increase capital investments in the oil industry are made at a time when there is a shortage of oil on the markets, accompanied by an increase in prices and profits. Usually, during this period, all participants in the oil business, including financial structures, seek to revive the investment process in this industry, and the return on these investments in the form of an increase in production volumes begins to affect in about 10 years. An excess of oil supply over demand appears in the oil markets, prices begin to decline, which is also accompanied by a decrease in investment until the excess oil disappears. This period also lasts about 10 years. Over the past 100 years, there have been five such cycles, each lasting from 20 to 22 years, and these cycles did not necessarily coincide with the development cycles of the entire economy.

In accordance with the cyclical nature of the development of the oil industry, there have been changes in investment not only in this industry, but also in the fuel and energy complex as a whole.

In the development of international trade in raw materials and food products during the post-war period, a number of important trends are clearly observed, causing significant changes in the commodity structure of world exports. First of all, there is a predominant growth in trade in semi-finished products made on the basis of mineral and vegetable raw materials, which is a consequence of the impact of scientific and technological progress on international trade.

The predominant development of exports of finished products and semi-finished products has led to a sharp decline in the share of raw materials in world exports.

Noting the trend towards a reduction in the share of raw materials in world trade, it should be noted that this is not an absolute, but a relative decrease in the export of these goods. For 1963-1990, for example, the share of raw materials, fuel and foodstuffs in world exports fell by almost half, while actual exports increased many times, including oil, natural gas and coal - more than 20 times, food - 10 times.

Among the huge variety of raw materials and fuel resources circulating in international trade, the leading role is played by fuel and energy products - oil, oil products, natural gas and coal. This group of goods steadily retains the role of a leader among other commodity groups in world trade. In the early 90s, fuel and energy products ranked second in international trade and provided more than 10% of world exports, ahead of such large commodity groups as food, chemicals, ores, and second only to the group of machinery and equipment. Oil occupies the leading position in the group of fuel and raw materials.

Bibliography

1. Vasilenko A. Oil factor in Russian foreign policy // Russian journal.-2001.-№ 2 ..
2. World economy [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://global-economics.info/ /
3. Denchev K. Oil and gas factor in international relations // Politiya.- 1999.- No. 3 (13) .- p. 130.
4. World economy: [Textbook. for universities on econ. specialties and directions] / AS Bulatov, EB Rogatnykh, RF Volkov and others; Ed. A.S. Bulatova.-M .: Jurist, 2009 - 734 p.
5. The concept of the world economy // Educational site [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://ayp.ru/
6. Rodionova I.A. Countries of the world: economic and geographical characteristics: A guide for those entering universities. M .: Moscow Lyceum, 2004.
7. Ferrous metallurgy of the world // Economy and finance [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://money.rin.ru/
8. Sharipov UZ International relations in the Persian Gulf region and the role of the oil factor (the West and the countries of the region) // Abstract of a dissertation doc.political sciences. - M., 2007.
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In modern conditions of life, it is difficult to overestimate the role of the chemical industry. Medicine and health care, heavy and light engineering, household chemicals, furniture production, food industry and all the newest science-intensive industries to one degree or another depend on the production of chemical products.

Physicomechanical processes, pharmacy and the predecessor of chemistry - alchemy could not equally affect the economy and society as a whole, as the chemical industry does. Complex multistage reactions were impossible without studying the chemical composition and nature of things. Equally valuable is the creation of synthetic and polymeric materials, which are in demand today in a number of leading sectors of the world and domestic economy.

The main areas that the chemical industry includes:

• delineation of the branches of chemical production;
• extraction and production of raw materials for further industrial processing;
• creation and modernization of specific fixed assets for enterprises in this industry.

The modern variety of chemical industries

The chemical industry, along with microelectronics and nano-development, does not stand still and is constantly being improved. To date, more than 90 sub-sectors and areas of use of chemical products have been opened.

In world practice, it is customary to distinguish 3 main groups of chemical production:

• basic chemicals: production of various polymers, mineral fertilizers, rubber, resins and synthetic materials;
• processing chemistry: paints and varnishes, pharmaceuticals, photochemicals, rubber, various chemical reagents;
• semi-finished products: a wide range of organic and inorganic chemistry products.

Moreover, not every production, even including elements of chemistry, can be classified as chemical. The economic activity of a chemical enterprise, as a rule:

• cost-intensive and energy-intensive;
• capital intensive and resource intensive;
• has a small staff of highly qualified employees;
• generates and actively implements R&D;
• has a strong sustainable impact on ecosystems and the biological environment in general;
• focused on mass production;
• has established and extended logistic routes;
• interacts with almost all spheres of industry and consumption.

The synthesis of hydrocarbons and the production of polymers account for a third of the world's chemical production. This also includes petrochemistry, which receives the basis of raw materials from related industries - oil and gas production. Consumption of basic raw materials does not exceed 4-6%.

The resulting plastics and synthetic resins are subsequently sent to the production of chemical fibers, various parts and structures of the furniture industry, mechanical engineering, fine instrument making, equipment for construction needs, or are sent to the next technological stage of chemical production. All substances are conventionally divided into thermoplastic and thermosetting, and the former are actively conquering the market, while the latter are practically out of use.

Hard to overestimate the role of the chemical industry in mechanical engineering, including transport. About one billion car tires and tires are produced annually in the world.

Chemical rubbers have greater frost resistance, heat capacity, and low flammability compared to natural rubbers.

In agriculture around the world, phosphate, nitrogen and potash fertilizers are actively used, which increase yields and certain physicochemical and visual characteristics of products. Chemical fertilizers are still the subject of heated scientific disputes, but it is obvious that it is impossible to completely do without them in the current climatic and demographic conditions.

The danger of new diseases has strengthened the role of the chemical industry in pharmaceuticals and medicine as such. Over the long years of evolution, bacteria and viruses have learned to quickly adapt in an aggressive environment, not to mention congenital pathologies. The lives of millions of people in developed and especially developing countries depend on the success in the development of the latest chemicals and technologies.

The production of paints and varnishes is in demand in many industries, primarily in construction and mechanical engineering. The latest developments in this direction are environmentally friendly paints that are safe during finishing and construction work and in the further operation of buildings and structures.

Fixed assets of chemical production

In addition to versatile assets such as furniture, buildings, warehouses, long-term biological assets, the chemical industry, unlike other industries, cannot do without specific equipment.

Each stage has its own machines, units and installations - for mining, primary and secondary processing, synthesis, conveyor production, packaging and transportation.

An enterprise can exclusively engage in the production of high-precision chemical equipment or design units exclusively for its own needs.

"Chemistry - 2016"

The CHEMISTRY exhibition, dedicated to the chemical industry and everything connected with it, will traditionally be held at the Expocentre. Participants and guests of the event will get acquainted with the chronicle of exhibitions, starting in 1965, leaders of the chemical industry, and will also be able to participate or be spectators of fascinating chemical experiments.

Fuel and energy industry. The fuel and energy industry is a collection of branches of the fuel industry, electricity, fuel and energy delivery vehicles. Over the past two centuries, the world fuel and energy industry has gone through two main stages in its development. The first stage (XIX - first half of XX century) was coal, when coal was sharply dominated in the structure of the world fuel and energy balance. The second stage was oil and gas. Oil and gas have proven to be more efficient energy carriers than solid fuels. In the 1980s, the world energy industry entered the third (transitional) stage of its development, where there is a transition from the use of predominantly depleted mineral fuel resources to inexhaustible resources.

Fuel industry Is a complex of industries involved in the extraction and processing of fuel and energy raw materials. It belongs to the group of extractive industries and is basic. Its importance lies in providing fuel and raw materials to other industries - thermal power engineering, petrochemistry, metallurgy. Under the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, the role of the fuel industry increases in connection with the development of electrification and heating of production facilities, which are responsible for an intensive growth in energy consumption.

The fuel industry includes coal, gas, oil, peat, shale and uranium mining.

Oil industry... Oil is produced in about 80 countries, but the geography of this industry is determined by the countries of the "top ten". The main feature is that about 4/5 of reserves and more than 1/2 of oil production falls on developing countries, which are the main exporters of oil, especially OPEC countries (Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Angola, Nigeria, Algeria, Libya, Venezuela, Ecuador).

More than 3.5 billion tons of oil are produced annually in the world, of which the largest oil producing countries for 2001 were (in million tons):

Saudi Arabia (493);

Russia (491);

China (187);

Mexico (173);

Canada (158);

Venezuela (133);

Kuwait (130).

The leading exporters are OPEC countries, Mexico and Russia.

As a result, a huge territorial gap has formed between the main areas of oil production and areas of its consumption. Therefore, the main export cargo flows of oil have the following directions:

Persian Gulf - Japan;

Persian Gulf - Western Europe;

Southeast Asia - Japan;

Caribbean - USA;

North Africa - Western Europe;

Russia - Foreign Europe and the CIS countries.

Gas industry. Natural gas is the cheapest and most environmentally friendly fuel. In contrast to oil-producing countries, the main gas-producing countries are the developed countries of Europe and North America. Russia is the leader in global gas production, where the largest basin is located - Western Siberia, followed by the largest production: the United States, Canada, Iran and Norway.

The total world gas reserves in 2007 amounted to 177 trillion m3.

In terms of natural gas reserves, the CIS (Russia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan) and the Middle East (Iran, Qatar, UAE) are distinguished. They are distributed by country as follows:

Russia - 45.6 trillion m3;

Iran - 27.8 trillion m3;

Qatar - 25.6 trillion m3;

UAE - 6.1 trillion m3;

USA - 5.9 trillion m3;

Nigeria - 5.3 trillion m3.

Approximately 20% of all produced gas is supplied to the world market. The main gas exporters are: Russia, which supplies gas to Europe, and the CIS countries; Canada and Mexico, which supply gas to the United States; The Netherlands and Norway, supplying gas to Western Europe; Algeria, which supplies gas to Western Europe and the United States; Indonesia, Middle East countries, Australia, exporting gas to Japan.

Gas transportation is provided in two ways: through main gas pipelines and using gas tankers when transporting liquefied gas.

Coal industry. The oldest branch of the fuel industry developed much more slowly.

In the XXI century. due to the rise in oil prices, production volumes began to increase, and in 2007 they amounted to 6.4 billion tons.

The leading role in coal mining belongs to three large regions: Overseas Asia, Overseas Europe and North America. And the "top five" countries include China (2536 million tons), the USA (1039 million tons), India (439 million tons), Australia (393 million tons), Russia (393 million tons). A lot of coal is also mined in South Africa, Germany and Indonesia.

In terms of proven coal reserves, the following countries are also in the lead: USA, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, India, Poland, Australia, South Africa. Most of the coal is consumed in the same countries where it is mined, so only 8% of the world market goes to. Changes have taken place in the trade structure - the demand for coking coal is falling, due to the development of blast-furnace technologies in metallurgy, the demand for thermal coal is growing. The world market receives 350-400 million tons of coal annually.

The most important role in the competitiveness of coal in the world market is played by its cost. It depends on the possibility of open-pit mining, the depth of occurrence and the thickness of the reservoirs. Coal exporters are countries with the best conditions for coal mining. The main suppliers of coal are Australia, Indonesia and South Africa, while consumers are Japan, Western Europe and the Republic of Korea.

The main cargo flows of coal are in the following direction: USA - Western Europe; USA - Japan; Australia - Japan; Australia - Western Europe; South Africa - Japan.

Electric power industry. The electric power industry is one of the leading industries of the scientific and technological revolution era. Its development largely determines the level of development of the economy as a whole.

Electricity is produced in all countries of the world, but only 11 countries have an annual production of more than 200 billion kWh: USA, China, Japan, Russia, India, Germany, Canada, France, Republic of Korea, Great Britain and Brazil.

An important indicator of the country's electricity supply is the amount of its production per capita. This indicator is highest in such countries as Norway (26 thousand kWh), Canada (17 thousand kWh), Sweden (26 thousand kWh), the USA (14 thousand kWh).

Most of the world's energy is generated by thermal power plants. The second place belongs to hydroelectric power plants, in third place is nuclear power, but in different countries the shares of different types of power plants are very different. So, in Poland, almost all electricity is produced at thermal power plants, in Norway - at hydroelectric power plants, and in France the power industry is based on nuclear power plants. France, Japan, the Republic of Korea continue, unlike many other countries, to increase the capacity of nuclear energy after the Chernobyl disaster.

In conditions of a shortage of energy resources, the search for new energy sources does not stop. In the USA, Mexico, Italy, Japan, New Zealand and Russia, the first geothermal power plants were built using the internal heat of the Earth. Tidal power plants operate in France, USA, Canada, Russia and China, wind and solar power plants operate in many countries.

The fuel and energy industry has an impact on the environment: during the extraction of minerals, the soil cover is disturbed, entire natural landscapes are "eaten up", and the production and transportation of oil and gas pollutes the World Ocean. The global thermal energy throws harmful substances into the environment, the composition of the atmosphere changes, and its thermal pollution occurs. During the construction of a hydroelectric power station, the microclimate of the territory, its hydrological regime, etc. are changing. Nuclear power has given rise to the problem of radioactive waste disposal.

Mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest industries, it is of great importance in the economy. Mechanical engineering provides all sectors of the economy with various equipment and machines, produces many consumer goods (watches, refrigerators and other household appliances). Today, mechanical engineering takes the first place among all branches of the world industry, both in the number of employees and in the cost of production. The level of development of mechanical engineering is used to judge the level of development of any country. It is in mechanical engineering that the gap between developed and developing countries is especially noticeable. The undisputed leaders are the USA, Japan and Germany. China stands out among the developing countries. Brazil, Mexico, India and the Republic of Korea.

The sectoral composition of mechanical engineering is very complex. It consists of over 70 industries. Its main industries are electronics, electrical engineering, computer technology, robotics, instrument making, precision engineering, agricultural and tractor engineering, transport engineering, machine tool building, automotive, locomotive, carriage, aircraft, and shipbuilding.

The production of many types of modern engineering products requires large labor costs, high qualifications of workers. Instrument making and the latest industries are especially labor-intensive. These industries require constant implementation of the latest scientific achievements, i.e. are knowledge-intensive. Such industries are located in large cities or near them, where there are many skilled workers and engineers, research centers are located, and there is a developed infrastructure. On the other hand, the orientation of machine building towards metal sources in the era of scientific and technological revolution has significantly decreased. Mechanical engineering is increasingly becoming a ubiquitous industry.

On the economic map of the world, 4 main machine-building regions can be distinguished. The first region is North America, where almost all types of engineering products are produced. The second region is Foreign Europe, which produces mainly mass machine-building products, but also occupies an important place in the production of products of some of the latest industries. The third region is East and Southeast Asia, in which Japan is the leader, combining mass production with leading positions in many of the latest industries, providing products of the highest technology. Mechanical engineering has reached a high level in the newly industrialized countries. The fourth region is Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

Chemical industry. The chemical industry is one of the branches of the "vanguard troika" that ensure the development of the economy in the era of scientific and technological revolution. It is one of the most dynamic industries in today's industry. The development of all sectors of the economy largely depends on the development of chemistry, chemistry provides industry and construction with new effective materials, supplies agriculture with mineral fertilizers and plant protection products, and contributes to its intensification.

The chemical industry has a complex industrial composition. It includes mining and chemical (extraction of raw materials - apatites, phosphorites, sulfur, rock salts, etc.), basic chemistry (production of salts, acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers), organic synthesis chemistry (production of polymers) and processing of polymer materials (production of tires , plastic products, etc.), microbiological industry.

The location of the chemical industries is determined by a combination of various factors.

For the mining and chemical industry, as for any extractive industry, the main factor of placement is natural resources.

The enterprises of basic chemistry and organic synthesis are oriented towards the consumer, the availability of water resources and cheap electricity.

For the location of enterprises in industries producing finished goods, the consumer is the main factor.

The chemical industry is a science-intensive industry, therefore the science-intensity factor determines the location of most industries, primarily the "upper" floors. This factor, together with the consumer factor, has determined the modern location of the chemical industry.

The main share of the production of chemical products falls on developed countries, where industries that process raw materials and produce finished products are concentrated. In developing countries, until recently, chemistry was represented mainly by the mining and chemical industry. However, in recent years, the chemistry of organic synthesis has begun to develop rapidly in countries that have their own reserves of oil and gas (the countries of the Persian Gulf, North Africa, Mexico and Venezuela).

There are 4 main regions in the world chemical industry: the USA, Foreign Europe, the CIS, Japan and China. In each of them, all branches of chemistry were developed, but in particular the chemistry of organic synthesis and the production of polymeric materials.

In the production of basic chemicals (acids and fertilizers), the world leaders are the United States, China and Russia. The USA, Japan, France, Germany and the Republic of Korea are leading in the production of plastics, chemical fibers and synthetic rubber.

Metallurgical industry. Metallurgy is one of the basic industries and provides mankind with construction materials, ferrous and non-ferrous metals. This industry includes all processes - from ore mining to rolled metal production. It includes two branches: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

The geography of ferrous metallurgy is formed under the influence of fuel and resource factors - coal and iron ore basins. The richest in iron ore are China, Brazil, Australia, Ukraine, India, USA, Russia, Canada, North African countries. In recent decades, the extraction of iron ore in the developed countries of Europe and the United States has stabilized or even decreased due to the depletion of a number of deposits. Currently, the main countries - exporters of iron ore - Brazil, Australia, India, Canada, South Africa.

In the era of scientific and technological revolution, ferrous metallurgy focuses on the traffic of iron ore and coking coal. As a result, in developed countries, the industry shifted to seaports - in the USA, Japan, and Western Europe.

Recently, a consumer orientation has become widespread, which is explained by the transition from the construction of giant combines to the creation of mini-factories with more free location.

The leading countries in the production of metal are China, Japan, USA, Russia, Germany, Republic of Korea, Ukraine. While in developed countries steel production is either declining or remains stable, in developing countries it is increasing. This primarily concerns Brazil, India, Mexico, but one must bear in mind that these countries produce the main "common" metal, and high-quality steel is still smelted in developed countries.

Non-ferrous metallurgy in terms of production volume is 20 times inferior to ferrous metallurgy. Heavy metal ores typically have a low metal content. Therefore, the metallurgy of heavy non-ferrous metals has a raw material orientation in the location of enterprises.

So, in the USA, Canada, Australia, Russia, Spain, Poland, Chile, Zambia, Peru, a similar orientation led to the fact that the main centers of copper smelting were formed in places where copper ore was mined. In developing countries, the initial stages of production have developed - mining of ore, production of concentrate and blister copper. The final stages of production are concentrated in those countries that do not have their own reserves of copper ore.

In the second half of the 1970s, a course was taken towards resource conservation and environmental protection, the smelting of heavy metals in developed countries began to decline, and in developing countries, on the contrary, to increase. Here, not only the initial, but also the final stages of the production process began to be mastered, the production of refined copper is being established. As a result, there is a territorial gap between the production and consumption of heavy metals. The main exporters of refined copper are Chile, Zambia, the People's Republic of the Congo, Peru, the Philippines, and the main importers are the USA, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom.

Ores of light metals, primarily aluminum, in terms of the content of the useful component - alumina - resemble iron ore (40-60%) and therefore are quite transportable.

The main bauxite reserves are concentrated in Australia, Guinea, Brazil, China, India, Suriname. Smelting of aluminum and other light metals is a very energy-intensive process that developed countries, where there are large sources of electricity, can afford. Therefore, the aluminum industry is characterized by a strong territorial gap between the extraction of raw materials and its processing and consumption: the production of bauxite is concentrated mainly in developing countries, while the production of alumina and aluminum is in developed countries. Switzerland, Bahrain, which have absolutely no aluminum raw materials, smelt aluminum using cheap electricity and export it completely.

In the world in the production of aluminum, the leaders are China, the USA, Russia, Canada, Australia and Brazil.

Timber and woodworking industry. The industry includes harvesting, mechanical processing (woodworking), chemical processing of wood (wood chemistry, pulp and paper industry).

The features of placement are primarily determined by the raw material factor, but energy and water factors are also important for wood chemistry, and consumer factors for furniture.

The world's forests are unevenly distributed. They form two forest belts approximately equal in area and timber reserves - northern and southern. Northern - in the zone of temperate and partly subtropical climates. The most wooded countries of the northern belt are Russia, USA, Canada, Finland, Sweden. The southern belt is in the zone of tropical and equatorial climates. The main forest regions of the southern belt are the Amazon, the Congo basin, Southeast Asia, the countries: Congo, Brazil, Venezuela.

The timber industry is characterized by the presence of two forest belts. Coniferous wood is harvested within the northern forest belt, which is then processed into wood-based panels, cellulose, paper, and cardboard. For Russia, Canada, Sweden, Finland, the forestry and woodworking industries are important branches of international specialization. Canada ranks first in the world in the export of forest products. The main importers of wood are Western Europe and Japan.

Hardwood is harvested within the southern forest belt. There are three main areas of the forest industry: Brazil, Tropical Africa, Southeast Asia. The wood harvested in them is exported by sea to Japan, Western Europe, and the rest is mainly used for firewood.

For the manufacture of paper in the countries of the southern belt, non-wood raw materials are often used: bamboo in India, sisal in Brazil, Tanzania, jute in Bangladesh. And nevertheless, in terms of its production per capita, these countries are especially lagging behind.

Forests are called the "lungs" of the planet, they play a huge role in the life of all mankind. They restore oxygen in the atmosphere, preserve groundwater, and prevent soil destruction. The clearing of the Amazon rainforest disrupts the planet's "lungs". Preservation of forests is also necessary for the health of mankind.

Forest resources are renewable. But the problem of reducing forest resources and deforestation of territories is quite acute. For the rational use of forest resources, it is necessary to comprehensively process raw materials, not to cut down forests in an amount exceeding their growth, and carry out reforestation work.

Light industry. This industry includes the primary processing of raw materials, the textile, clothing and footwear industries.

Textile is one of the leading branches of the light industry. In the structure of production, the share of natural fiber decreases and the share of chemical fiber increases. In the first place is the production of cotton fabrics, where the leaders are China and India. The second place belongs to the production of fabrics from chemical fiber, the USA, India, Japan and the Republic of Korea are in the lead. The leaders in the production of silk and woolen fabrics are the USA, Japan, and the PRC. At the same time, more products are produced for export in developing countries. The main exporters are Hong Kong, Pakistan, India, Egypt, Brazil, etc. Here the textile industry is experiencing a real boom, focusing on cheap labor.

Similar information.

Important geopolitical and economic transformations of the second half of the 20th century - the beginning of the 21st century, the rapidly developing world economy, its internationalization and integration of the former socialist countries into a single world economy, an increase in the degree of openness of national economies, increased interdependence of all subjects of world economic relations opened the way to noticeable changes in the structure and the functions of international production and exchange.

The general pattern of changes in the sectoral structure of the world economy is a consistent transition from a high share of agriculture, mining, manufacturing to technically relatively simple industries (light, food industry), capital and material-intensive industries (metallurgy, chemical industry) and, finally, to knowledge-intensive industries that create products based on high technologies. In other words, in the process of economic development, “primary industries” (agriculture and mining) are inferior in the sectoral structure of the economy to “secondary” (manufacturing and construction), and those - to “tertiary” (services).

The development of industry over the past two decades has led to dramatic changes in the conditions and way of life of all mankind. Thanks to the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress, the scale of production in absolute terms in all industries of the world continues to increase. The growth in industrial production is taking place with a simultaneous reduction in the number of people employed in economically highly developed countries. The level of labor productivity in industry is much higher than in agriculture and even in the service sector.

At the turn of the XX and XXI centuries. the study of the problems of the location of the world's industry acquired particular importance due to the fact that globalization and the transition to the post-industrial stage of development led to the fact that the world economy began to restructure and there were shifts in the location of industrial production both at the local, and at the regional and planetary levels.

At present, a comprehensive study of the features of the location and structural shifts in the world's industry can contribute to the search for possible ways of structural transformation of the Russian industry as part of the world economic complex in order to develop and increase its competitiveness.

Analysis of what happened at the turn of the XX - XXI centuries. changes in the location of production of typical types of products of leading industries made it possible to draw important conclusions about the features and prospects of the development of world industry.

Chapter 1. The structure of modern industry

The level of development of any country is determined by the structure of its economy. The economy of a modern state is subdivided into sectors. It includes manufacturing industries and non-productive activities. The concepts of "production" and "non-production" spheres are the most significant characteristics of the structure of the economy.

The non-production sphere (or the service sector) includes such activities in the process of which no material (tangible) product is created. As a rule, the following sectors of the non-production sphere are distinguished:

• Housing and utilities;
• non-production types of consumer services for the population;
• health care, physical education and social security;
• public education;
• finance, credit, insurance, pension provision;
• Culture and art;
• science and scientific services;
• control;
• public associations.

The production sphere ("the real sector" - in modern terminology) is a set of industries and activities, the result of which is a material product (commodity). The structure of branches of material production usually includes industry, agriculture, transport, communications.

The division into sectors is due to the social division of labor. There are three forms of social division of labor: general, particular and individual.

The general division of labor is expressed in the division of social production into large spheres of material production (industry, agriculture, transport, communications, etc.). The private division of labor is manifested in the formation of various independent branches within industry, agriculture and other branches of material production.

For example, in the industry stand out:

• electric power industry;
• fuel industry;
• ferrous metallurgy;
• non-ferrous metallurgy;
• chemical and petrochemical industry;
• forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries;
• building materials industry;
• light industry;
• food industry, etc.

In turn, each of them consists of highly specialized industries, for example, non-ferrous metallurgy includes copper, lead-zinc, tin and other industries.

A single division of labor exists in an enterprise, in an institution, in an organization between people of different professions and specialties.

1.1 The structure of social production

The most important branch of material production is industry, which consists of many branches and industries that are closely interconnected.

Industry - a set of enterprises (factories, factories, mines, mines, power plants) engaged in the production of tools for the industry itself and for other sectors of the national economy, as well as the extraction of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy production, logging and further processing products obtained in industry or produced in agriculture, the production of consumer goods.

Industry is the most important branch of the national economy, which has a decisive impact on the level of development of the productive forces of society.

An industry sector is understood as a set of enterprises that produce products that are homogeneous in terms of economic purpose and are characterized by a common processed raw materials, uniformity of the technical base (technological processes and equipment), and a professional staff.

The industry consists of two large groups of industries:

1. mining
2. manufacturing industry.

The mining industry includes enterprises for the extraction of mining and chemical raw materials, ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and non-metallic raw materials for metallurgy, non-metallic ores, oil, gas, coal, peat, shale, salt, non-metallic building materials, light natural aggregates and limestone, as well as hydroelectric power plants, water pipelines, forest exploitation enterprises, fishing and seafood enterprises.

The manufacturing industry includes enterprises for the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled products, chemical and petrochemical products, machinery and equipment, woodworking products and the pulp and paper industry, cement and other building materials, products of the light and food industries, as well as enterprises for the repair of industrial products. (steam locomotive repair, locomotive repair) and thermal power plants.

1.2 Classification of industries and its sectoral structure in the modern world economy

Industry is the leading branch of material production, which creates the majority of GDP and national income. In modern conditions, the share of industry in the total GDP of developed countries is about 40%.

Modern industry consists of many independent branches of production, related enterprises and production associations. Its sectoral structure reflects the level of the country's industrial development and its economic independence, the degree of technical equipment of the industry and the leading role of this industry in the economy as a whole. An important condition for increasing the efficiency of social production is the improvement of the sectoral structure of industry. The following indicators are usually used to analyze the sectoral structure of an industry:

• the share of a particular industry or complex in the total volume of industrial production and its change in dynamics;
• the share of progressive industries in the total volume of industrial production and its change in dynamics;
• advance coefficient;
• the ratio between the extractive and processing industries.

Progressive branches include the development of which ensures the acceleration of scientific and technological progress in the entire national economy. The efficiency of social production largely depends on their development. Progressive industries typically include mechanical engineering, power generation, and the chemical industry. An increase in their share means that progressive shifts are taking place in the sectoral structure, and this has a beneficial effect on the country's economy.

The advance coefficient expresses the growth rate of an industry or a separate complex T ref to the growth rate of the entire industry T prom:

The outstripping development of the processing industries in comparison with the extractive industries usually characterizes positive trends in the country's economy (Table 1).

The interrelationships of industries, the proportions that have developed between them, are determined by the method of production, as well as the cumulative action on its basis of many other factors that determine changes in the sectoral structure of industry. These factors include:

• scientific and technological progress and the degree of implementation of its results in production;
• the level of social division of labor, the development of specialization and cooperation of production;
• the growth of the material needs of the population;
• socio-historical conditions in which industry is developing;
• natural resources of the country.

The current stage of economic development of the leading countries of the world is characterized by major shifts in the structure of the economy, which will certainly lead to new intersectoral and reproduction proportions. Changes in the prevailing proportions in the economy occurred in two directions:

1. firstly, reconstruction and modernization of traditional leading sectors of the economy,
2. secondly, the change of generations of products manufactured in the sector of new knowledge-intensive industries.

At the same time, the leading branch of material production remains industry and, above all, mechanical engineering, where scientific and technical achievements are accumulated.

Great shifts are taking place in the sectoral structure of world industry. They are expressed, first of all, in the change in the proportion between the extractive and manufacturing industries. Throughout the second half of the XX century. there was a steady trend towards a decrease in the share of extractive industries in total industrial production; now it is about 1/10. But the changes also affected the internal proportions in the extractive and manufacturing industries.

Mining industry represents a whole complex of industries and sub-sectors, including not only the mining, but also the logging industry. It also includes marine fishing, water supply, hunting and fishing industry. Approximately 3/4 of the total output of this industry falls on its main sub-industry - the mining industry. In turn, in the structure of the mining industry, 3/5 of the output (by value) is provided by the oil and gas industry, and the rest is approximately in equal shares - by the coal and ore mining.

Manufacturing industry- structurally, a much more complex complex, including more than 300 different industries and sub-sectors, which are usually subdivided into four blocks:

• production of construction materials and chemical products;
• mechanical engineering and metalworking;
• light industry;
• food industry.

The first place in the structure of the world manufacturing industry is occupied by mechanical engineering (40% of all production), followed by the chemical industry (more than 15%). This is followed by food (14%), light industry (9%), metallurgy (7%) and other industries. The ratio between them changes somewhat over time, but on the whole remains relatively stable. On the other hand, the shifts taking place in the structure of each of the listed industries are usually more noticeable. First of all, this applies to mechanical engineering, as the most diversified branch of industrial production.

The fastest growing industry in the world of mechanical engineering has been and remains the electronic and electrical industry, the share of which in all manufacturing products has already grown to 1/10. General mechanical engineering as a whole is characterized by moderate growth. Moreover, changes are also taking place in its structure: the production of agricultural and textile machinery and equipment is decreasing; increases - road transport machines, and especially robots, office equipment, etc. The share of transport engineering in the structure of the manufacturing industry as a whole remains relatively stable, but this also hides internal differences: In general, the share of the automotive industry remains the same.

There are two known strategies (models of industrialization) of developing countries - intra-oriented and externally oriented.

The first of them is usually called the import substitution strategy. It was carried out mainly at the first stage of industrialization of the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America and consisted in the gradual abandonment of imports of industrial products and in providing the domestic market with its own products. At first, such import substitution was carried out in the production of consumer goods - fabrics, clothing, footwear, furniture, etc. Then it covered the products of heavy industry.

However, this import-substituting development in general turned out to be insufficiently effective. Therefore, many countries began to come to a different, export-oriented development model, which was based on the promotion of local goods on the world market. To the greatest extent, this model is characteristic of the newly industrialized countries of Asia.

The manufacturing industry in developing countries specializes mainly in the production of simpler, less technologically intensive products.

High indicators of industrial production in developing countries were achieved primarily due to a relatively small group of these states - primarily the so-called key (China, India, Brazil, Mexico) and new industrial ones. It is also important that these successes were achieved not only as a result of industrialization as such, but also largely due to the deliberate transfer (“migration”) from North to South of many mass, labor-intensive, cheap and, moreover, environmentally hazardous “dirty” industries.

The vast majority of large industrial TNCs are concentrated in the countries of the North, which, among other things, own a significant part of the industrial potential of the countries of the South. Unsurprisingly, industrial products from developing countries are largely destined for the commodity markets of developed countries. As for labor productivity in industry, in terms of its level, the countries of the South are inferior to the countries of the North by an average of four times, although when calculating this ratio, only the indicators of the most "advanced" of them are taken into account.

All this, to some extent, characterizes the distribution of industrial production among large geographic regions of the world. Three of them stand out - Europe, Asia and North America. Of great interest for the geographical analysis of the world's industry is also the identification of the leading countries that, in fact, set the tone in this industry. Typically, their list includes 14 developed and 6 developing countries. It is with these leading countries that the location of the main industrial regions of the world is associated. (Table 2).

Country	Production, USD billion		Country
USA	2685	305	Taiwan*
Japan	1235	300	Spain
China	1235	270	Russia
Germany	835	250	Republic
Great Britain	600	220	Netherlands
Italy	520 ^	190	Belgium
France	445	190	Indonesia
Brazil	370	190	Mexico
India	360	170	Australia
Canada	320	145	Thailand

* Including Hong Kong

Table 2. Top twenty countries by industrial production in 2010

When analyzing the sectoral structure of an industry, it is advisable to consider not only its individual sectors, but also groups of sectors, which are intersectoral complexes. An industrial complex is understood as a set of certain groups of industries, which are characterized by the release of similar (related) products or the performance of works (services).

At present, the branches of industry are combined into the main complexes: fuel and energy, metallurgy, machine-building, chemical-forestry and agro-industrial.

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) includes the coal, gas, oil, peat and shale industries, energy, power generation and other types of equipment. All these sectors are united by a common goal - to meet the needs of the national economy in fuel, heat, and electricity. Russia is the only large industrialized country that is fully self-sufficient in fuel and energy from its own natural resources and exports fuel and energy in significant volumes. Currently, this complex plays a significant role in providing the country with foreign currency.

The metallurgical complex (MK) is an integrated system of the branches of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, metallurgical, mining engineering and a repair base. The development of the metallurgical industry in Russia predetermines its economic and political independence, industrial and defense potential.

The machine-building complex can be put in the first place in the development of the economy. In developed countries, it accounts for 35 to 50% of the total industrial production.

The machine-building complex is a combination of machine-building, metalworking and repair industries. The leading branches of the complex are general mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and radio electronics, transport engineering, as well as the production of computers. The current level of the industry does not meet the requirements of the country's economic and social development. Mechanical engineering occupies only 20% of general industrial production.

The chemical and forestry complex is an integrated system of the chemical, petrochemical, forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries, mechanical engineering and other industries. In terms of timber reserves (about 82 billion cubic meters), Russia occupies a leading position in the world and is 3 times higher than the United States, 30 times higher than Sweden and 40 times higher than Finland. At the same time, the timber industry complex (LPK) gives in GDP only 2.6%, and in foreign exchange earnings from exports - 4.3%.

The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is characterized by the fact that it includes sectors of the economy that are heterogeneous in their technology and production orientation: the agricultural system, processing industries, feed and microbiological industries, agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for the light and food industries. About 80 industries directly or indirectly participate in the activities of the agro-industrial complex. The agrarian-industrial complex can be considered as a set of technologically and economically related links of the national economy, the end result of which is the most complete satisfaction of the needs of the population for food and non-food products produced from agricultural raw materials.

Chapter 2. Current state and development prospects of the main industrial complexes of the world economy

2.1 Assessment of the current state of industry in the world economy

In the sectoral structure of the world industry, there is a gradual decrease in the importance of extractive industries and an increase in the share of processing industries. This is partly due to a decrease in the consumption of materials in production, primarily in developed countries, as well as the replacement of mineral raw materials with artificial ones. But the main reason for this structural shift is the growing differences in the cost of products of these industries: in the manufacturing industry, the cost of goods produced per unit of output is much higher, especially in knowledge-intensive industries.

The decline in the share of extractive industries in most developed countries was achieved by increasing the extraction of raw materials in countries with economies in transition and developing countries. Thus, in developed countries the share of extractive industries in industry is 2%, in developing countries - 14%, and in Russia - about 30%.

In the manufacturing industry of developed countries, the center of gravity is shifting from capital-intensive and metal-intensive industries (metallurgy, oil refining, production of building materials, etc.) to science-intensive (electronics, pharmaceuticals, low-tonnage chemistry, aviation and rocket-space). The share of mechanical engineering and metalworking products is constantly growing, and in recent years it has accounted for about 40% of the production of all manufacturing products in the world. Electronics, together with electrical engineering, is the fastest growing industry in the world.

There is a further strengthening of the specialization of developed countries in the production of the most expensive industrial products, primarily science-intensive (aerospace, biotechnological, information and communication)

2.2 Dynamics of global industry indicators

The sectoral structure of industry characterizes the level of industrial and technical development of the country, the degree of its economic independence and the level of productivity of social labor.

The structure of the industry is also influenced by the outstripping rates of development of industries that primarily ensure scientific and technological progress - mechanical engineering, the chemical industry and the electric power industry.

Mechanical engineering is the main branch of modern industry in terms of the number of employees, the cost of production and, accordingly, in terms of its share in all industrial production. This is due to the fact that it is it that first of all provides all sectors of the economy with instruments of production (machines, equipment, instruments, etc.), and the population - with consumer goods, including durable goods.

Among the economically developed countries of the West, there is a small group of states (USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain) that have a full range of machine-building production, the share of which in the structure of their manufacturing industry is 35-38%, and in exports - 50% or more. Directly behind this group are countries (France, Italy, Spain, Canada, Republic of Korea) with a slightly less complete structure of mechanical engineering and its smaller share in the structure of the manufacturing industry (25-33%), as well as in exports. Some small countries of Western Europe (Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Austria) are usually singled out as a separate group, in which certain branches of mechanical engineering, focused primarily on export, have received a very large development. In other countries, mechanical engineering is less developed, and the import of machinery prevails over their export.

Despite the continuing lag of the developing countries, progress has been noticeable in their mechanical engineering of late. But it concerns only a relatively small number of countries - China, Brazil, India, Mexico, Argentina, newly industrialized countries. All of them have a sufficiently qualified and at the same time much cheaper than in Western Europe, the USA and Japan labor force.

2.3 Prospects for the development of the main sectoral complexes of the world industry

Fuel and energy complex (FEC)

The fuel and energy complex industries are capital-intensive industries. In industrialized countries, where all its branches are represented, usually the main capital investments within the range of up to 85% are in the oil and gas industry and the electric power industry (approximately in equal shares) and up to 15% - in the oil refining and coal industry. Investments in the oil industry have a significant impact on the investment process in the fuel and energy complex as a whole.

In accordance with the cyclical nature of the development of the oil industry, there are also changes in investment not only in this industry, but also in the fuel and energy complex as a whole.

Atomic energy is becoming an increasingly important source of fuel and energy resources. Currently, there are about 140 nuclear reactors operating in the world. Their share in the total volume of electricity production in the world remains at the level of 10-11%. Nuclear engineering firms do not expect an increase in orders for equipment for new nuclear power plants (NPPs), at least in the next 10 years. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, the influx of orders became extremely small.

However, in general, the dependence of the energy sector in a number of countries of the world on nuclear power plants is very significant. The cost of electricity at nuclear power plants is 20% lower than at TPPs operating on coal, and 2.5 times lower than those operating on fuel oil.

By 2020-2030, the share of electricity generated by nuclear power plants, according to calculations, will be 30%, and this will require a significant increase in uranium production.

Oil occupies the leading position in the group of fuel and raw materials. However, in recent years, due to structural shifts in the economy, there has been a decrease in oil consumption. International trade in natural gas has developed rapidly in recent years.

The dependence of industrialized countries on oil imports, including from the OPEC member countries, remains high: almost 100% from Japan, 95% from France and Germany, 40% from the United States.

Russia has traditionally played an important role in the world export of fuel and energy products, especially oil and natural gas. Energy exports now account for over 50% of all foreign exchange earnings in the Russian Federation from foreign trade.

Mechanical engineering

Among the engineering industries at the center of modern state industrial policy in the countries under consideration are the aerospace industry (ARKP), microelectronics and the automotive industry. It is these industries that play and, most likely, will retain in the considered future a key role in the development of not only mechanical engineering, but also the entire economy of the leading Western countries as the most important "suppliers" of basic technologies (microelectronics and ARKP) and the center of concentration of the broadest cooperation ties in the economies of countries in general (automotive).

State regulation of these industries is carried out in two main directions - in the direction of stimulating the innovation process and through the implementation of various measures, including protectionist ones, in order to facilitate competition conditions for national firms in the domestic and foreign markets.

The development of the machine-building complex is organically linked with the intensification of research activities. The intensification of R&D is due to the reduction in the life cycle of goods, the intensification of competition, the complication of scientific projects, which in their mass are acquiring an interdisciplinary nature. Currently, the United States spends more on R&D in mechanical engineering than Japan, Germany, and Great Britain combined. In absolute terms, the annual expenditures on R&D in the United States as a whole for the machine-building complex are comparable to the total capital investments in the fixed capital of machine-building, and even exceed them in certain industries. The fastest growing volume of research and development in new, high-tech industries of mechanical engineering, such as ARKP, electronic industry, computer production, instrument making.

In the group of traditional industries in Japan (general, transport engineering), the main directions of qualitative improvement of products in the forecast period are increasing reliability, safety, environmental friendliness, energy efficiency, productivity of machinery and equipment, the use of automated control systems for the operation of main units based on microprocessor technology.

In the EU countries, the total share of the electrical industry (including the production of computers and radio electronics), instrumentation and ARKP in the total volume of mechanical engineering products, according to available estimates, is approximately 50-55% in 2015, including the actual production of computers -15%.

With regard to the world trade in machinery and equipment, more than 80% of this industry is in industrialized countries. The share of Russia in the world export of machinery and equipment is less than 1%, and in the total volume of Russian export of machinery and technical products to the industrially developed countries of the West, the share of machinery and equipment is estimated at only 2-2.5%. Therefore, in the near future, most likely, a significant increase in the share of exports of machinery and equipment in its total volume will not occur.

Agro-industrial complex (AIC)

The agro-industrial complex is a unified system of agricultural, industrial and service enterprises.

As part of the agro-industrial complex, there are three areas:

1. Industries that supply means of production for agriculture and the food industry (machinery, equipment, chemicals), as well as provide production and technical services to agriculture;
2. Agricultural production proper (agriculture and animal husbandry);
3. Industries engaged in processing and bringing agricultural products to the consumer (procurement, processing, storage, transportation, sale).

The share of the agro-industrial complex in world GDP is estimated at 20-25% and tends to increase due to the growing production of machinery, equipment and chemicals, as well as an increase in the degree of processing of raw materials. The ratio between the three spheres of the agro-industrial complex in developed countries is currently 2: 1: 7. This shift is caused not only by the outstripping growth of the processing industries, but also by the stagnation in the production of machinery and chemicals for agriculture.

In countries with economies in transition, the share of agriculture in the structure of the agro-industrial complex is significantly higher than in developed countries, which reflects a lower level of development of processing of agricultural products. In Russia, the ratio of agricultural sectors is 2: 4: 4. This change is determined by the tendency towards accelerated growth of the food industry caused by market transformations, but also by the crisis situation in the sphere of industries supplying means of production for agriculture in the Russian agro-industrial complex.

On the world market of agricultural products, the largest exporters of food are the USA, EU countries, Canada, Australia, Brazil, China, and the largest importers are Japan, USA, EU countries, Russia. However, it should be mentioned that according to the International Service for Agrobiotechnology, the area under transgenic crops in the United States is 72%, in Argentina - 17%, in Canada - 10% of the total area under agricultural crops.

The state of the food market in Russia is characterized by an increase in the volume and cost of imports of food products and raw materials for their production (this is especially typical for the European part of the Russian Federation).

Transport complex

The transport complex is one of the main branches of material production, carrying out the transportation of passengers and goods.

The transport systems of developed countries account for 78% of the total length of the world transport network, 74% of the world cargo turnover; characterized by a high technical level, close interaction of all types of transport, complex configuration of the transport network, high "mobility" of the population.

The transport systems of developing countries account for 22% of the total length of the world transport network, 26% of the world cargo turnover; characterized by a low technical level, the predominance of one or two types (railway, pipeline) transport, the predominance of transport lines connecting the main center (port, capital) with areas of export specialization, low "mobility" of the population.

The most developed are the transport systems of North America and Western Europe. North America ranks first in terms of the total length of roads (30% of all world communications) and the turnover of major modes of transport. Western Europe is leading in terms of network density and traffic frequency, although it is far behind North America in terms of distance. At the same time, both in North America and in Western Europe, the leading role belongs to road, pipeline and air transport.

In terms of the structure of the world cargo and passenger turnover, road transport is in the lead, accounting for 8% of cargo turnover and 80% of passenger turnover of the total world volume (railway - 16% of cargo turnover and 11% of passenger turnover, pipeline - 11% of cargo turnover, sea - 62% of cargo turnover and 1% of passenger turnover, on river - 3% of cargo turnover and 1% of passenger turnover, on air - less than 1% of cargo turnover and 8% of passenger turnover).

Railway transport provides transportation of goods and passengers over long distances. The greatest length of railways is in the USA, Canada, Russia, India, China. Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic have the densest railway network. In terms of cargo turnover, the leaders are Russia, the USA, China, Canada, and Poland.

In developed countries, there is a tendency to reduce the railway network, in developing countries, on the contrary, to expand.

Pipeline transport... The first oil pipelines were built in the United States at the end of the 19th century. This country is currently the leader in the length of oil and gas pipelines. Along with the United States, Russia and Canada have the longest pipelines. The world's largest trunk pipelines have been laid in Russia (Druzhba, Soyuz, Progress, Shining of the North).

Sea transport- an important part of the world transport system, performing intercontinental transportation. Sea transport provides 98% of foreign trade traffic of Japan and Great Britain, 90% of all foreign trade traffic of the USA and the CIS countries.

Sea transport has the lowest cost price. The first place in shipping is occupied by the Atlantic Ocean, where three main directions of transportation have been formed:

• Europe - North America;
• Europe - South America;
• Africa - Europe.

An important link in the transport system are seaports: universal (typical for developed countries) and specialized (typical for developing countries).

Air transport is the youngest and most dynamic, it provides transportation of passengers and goods over long distances. The largest passenger traffic is observed in the USA, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, Canada, France, Germany.

The largest airports in the world are located in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, Atlanta, London. There are 34 major airports in the world, and half of them are in the USA, 8 are in Europe.

Sea transport is rightfully considered the most versatile and effective means of delivering large masses of cargo over long distances. It provides over 60% of international trade. Air transport has become a serious competitor to sea transport in the intercontinental transportation of valuable goods in recent decades. Railway, river and road transport is widely used mainly in inland foreign trade, as well as in the transportation of export and import goods through the territory of the countries of sale and countries of purchase. Pipeline systems play an important role in international oil and gas trade. In addition, air transport has firmly taken the leading position in international passenger traffic.

Conclusion

Industry is an important component of a single complex of the world economy, the first leading branch of material production. Success in its development depends on the degree of satisfaction of society's needs for products that are vital for all industries and for all people, for ensuring technical re-equipment and intensification of production. It is industrial products that guarantee the satisfaction of the basic modern material social needs. The world industry employs about 400 million people. Manufactured goods account for 70% of world trade.

Summing up, we can definitely conclude that modern industry is characterized by a high degree of specialization. In the world economy, there is a downward trend in the share of raw materials and agriculture, technical modernization of industry and the rapid growth of service industries. This is confirmed by the fact that the decrease in the number of employed occurs mainly due to traditional industries with a high labor intensity of production (food, textile, clothing, leather), as well as due to capital-intensive industries (in particular, metallurgy), and the rise in the number of employees - in the electrical industry. and instrumentation.

With the accelerated growth of industry, a redistribution of world industrial capacities is taking place, however, as before, developed countries specialize in technically complex and knowledge-intensive industries, relying on the quality of products and high qualifications of workers. Developing countries are increasingly beginning to specialize in high-tech products. Therefore, at the moment, there is a clearly expressed tendency of active movement of labor-intensive industries from more developed to less developed states, and vice versa, technology-intensive industries - from less developed to more developed ones.