Introduction
Chapter 1. The current state of the tourism sector in Russia
1.1 The state of regulatory legal regulation in the field of tourism in Russia
1.2 State of tourism infrastructure
Chapter 2. Promotion of Russia as a tourist destination in the domestic and international tourism markets
2.1 Study of the tourism sector in the Volga region
2.2 Development of tourism in the Volga region
Conclusion
List of used literature
Appendix
Introduction
Tourism is one of the most important areas of activity of the modern economy, aimed at meeting the needs of people and improving the quality of life of the population. At the same time, unlike many other sectors of the economy, tourism does not lead to the depletion of natural resources. Being an export-oriented sphere, tourism shows greater stability compared to other industries in an unstable situation in world markets.
Currently, the tourism industry in the world is one of the most dynamically developing areas in trade in services.
Relevance of the research topic . The importance of tourism in the world is constantly growing, which is associated with the increased influence of this sector on the economy. Tourism is a significant source of income, employment, contributes to the diversification of the economy, creating industries that serve this area. In addition, tourism is an essential factor in the implementation of the foreign policy of the state. In our country, at present, as a whole, a realistic approach to tourism and an understanding of it as an economic sector that has significant benefits for the socio-economic development of Russian regions is gradually being formed. The potential of the tourism sector in Russia is ambiguous, so along with the obvious advantages - the richest cultural, historical and natural heritage of our country, combined with the unknown factor - the tourism sector in Russia also has its own competitive weaknesses - an underdeveloped tourist infrastructure in most regions of the country - which hinder development of the tourism industry. Therefore, important and having practical value is the study of priority areas for the development of tourism in Russia.
The systemic problem is that while maintaining the current level of Russia's competitiveness in the global tourism market, the opportunities for developing the domestic tourism market will not be sufficient to improve living standards and increase employment, meet the growing demand for quality tourism services.
The main goal of the course work – study and disclosure of the main directions of tourism development in Russia, which are priorities and determine the future state of the industry.
Object of study . The object of the study is the trends in the development of tourism in Russia, which characterize the current state of the industry.
The subject of the study is the main directions and mechanisms for solving the problems of developing the tourism sector.
Tasks :
Characteristics of the current state of tourism in the Russian Federation;
Identification of the main competitive advantages and disadvantages of the industry.
The main hypothesis is that Russia has the potential to form a competitive tourism market. An effective strategy to promote the domestic tourism product, focused on the key tourism destination markets and being aggressive in nature, will make tourism a profitable component of the entire Russian economy.
Chapter 1 The current state of the tourism sector in Russia
An analysis of the current state of tourism in the Russian Federation shows that in recent years this area as a whole has been developing steadily and dynamically. There is an annual increase in the domestic tourist flow. The rapidly growing demand for tourist services within the country caused a boom in the construction of small hotels, mainly in resort regions, as well as an increase in the number of hotels of international hotel chains in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other major cities of the country, and the creation of domestic hotel chains. The volume of investment proposals for hotel construction has sharply increased both from foreign and domestic investors. At the same time, the main proposals are aimed at developing the hotel business in the regions of Russia. Of particular note are the successes of recent years in the development of the resort and tourist complex of the Krasnodar Territory, which naturally led to the choice of our country in determining Sochi as the venue for the Winter Olympics - 2014. Thanks to this, not only Krasnaya Polyana and Sochi, but the entire Krasnodar Territory in in general, which causes a long-term business interest in the development of the tourism infrastructure of this region and a guarantee that in a few years the Black Sea coast will become a developed world-class resort center.
Currently, there are more than 6 thousand hotels in the country, while in 2004 there were only 4 thousand. Taking into account the number of other accommodation facilities, such as boarding houses, houses and recreation centers, tourist camps and others, the total number of tourist accommodation facilities is about 10 thousand. The number of Russian citizens living in hotels, sanatoriums and recreation organizations in 2006 amounted to 26.6 million people, of which 16.4 million people lived in hotels.
The volume of paid services provided to the population by hotels and similar accommodation facilities is growing annually and amounted to 88.9 billion rubles in 2007, which exceeded the figures for 2005 by 47%.
According to forecast estimates of the World Council for Tourism and Travel, in 2007 tourism revenues in our country's GDP, taking into account the multiplier effect, amounted to 6.7%. According to the same source, the number of jobs in tourism accounted for 1% of total employment, including related industries - 5.7%, investment in fixed assets in the tourism industry in Russia is 12.1% of total investment, with an annual growth of 8. 2%.
It is known that our country has a huge number of cultural and natural attractions, as well as other objects of tourist display. These, according to Rosstat, include 2,368 museums in 477 historical cities, 590 theaters, 67 circuses, 24 zoos, almost 99,000 historical and cultural monuments, 140 national parks and reserves. In Russia, there are currently 103 museum-reserves and 41 museum-estates (objects identical to museum-reserves in terms of the nature of their activities, differing, as a rule, in a small territory). Museum-reserves play a crucial role in shaping an attractive image of Russia abroad. Of the 15 cultural heritage sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, 12 are part of the reserve museums. In accordance with this, the network of museum-reserves as centers of international and domestic tourism requires constant improvement and development.
As for such objects of tourist infrastructure as water parks, entertainment centers, ski resorts, tourist transport, etc., they are clearly not enough.
It is also obvious that the country's tourism potential is far from being fully used, and the creation of conditions for high-quality recreation in Russia for Russian and foreign citizens requires a more active implementation of state policy in the field of tourism.
Moscow and St. Petersburg, being still the main transport gates for the entry of foreign tourists, take up to 75% of international arrivals, the number of which has been declining in the last 2-3 years due to a sharp rise in prices in these cities. The reduction of inbound tourist flow to our country began to occur in 2006. In 2007, the number of arrivals of "classic" foreign tourists for the purpose of recreation decreased by more than 8%.
This is primarily due to the increased prices for services in the country over the past two years, as well as a sharp increase in hotel prices in Moscow due to a decrease in the number of tourist-class hotels in the city center due to the demolition or closure for the purpose of reconstruction of a number of the most famous and popular hotels among tourists , such as "Intourist", "Moscow", "Minsk", "Russia", "Ukraine", "Leningradskaya", "Central" and "Beijing". In Moscow, for various reasons, 9,000 3-star seats were withdrawn from circulation. It is the lack of places in tourist-class hotels that negatively affects the development of inbound and domestic tourism. This significantly increases the cost of the package of services offered to tourists when they travel to Russia. The Moscow Government plans to build 353 new hotels by 2011. However, given the strengthening of the ruble and the current situation in the capital, in which the average price for a room in Moscow hotels is significantly higher than the cost of a room of a similar category in European countries with lower comfort and quality of services, it becomes unprofitable for foreign tourists with a limited budget to come to the capital. This situation may continue in the next 2-3 years.
In order to obtain a comprehensive description of the current level of tourism development in the country, taking into account the results of the state's activities in the development of this sphere, it is necessary to dwell in more detail on the state and trends in the development of regulatory legal regulation, tourism infrastructure, training, statistical base, promotion of Russia as a tourist destination in the domestic and international tourism markets, as well as international cooperation in the field of tourism.
1.1 The state of regulatory legal regulation in the field of tourism in Russia
The current state of regulatory legal regulation in the field of tourism is characterized by the following trends:
Ø development and implementation of legal norms aimed at improving the guarantees and effectiveness of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of consumers of the tourism product, the quality and safety of tourism;
Ø strengthening the economic (financial) responsibility of persons engaged in tourism activities for violation of civil law obligations, and as a result - increasing the transparency, stability and investment attractiveness of the tourism business;
Ø the emergence of legal acts regulating the issues of classification and standardization in various segments of the tourism industry (accommodation facilities, beaches, ski slopes, etc.);
Ø development of normative legal regulation in the field of tourism safety;
Ø the formation of the legal framework for self-regulation in the tourism market, including the active development of the rule-making of self-regulatory organizations (associations (unions) of tour operators, banks and insurers);
Ø the complexity of regulatory legal regulation in the field of tourism, including the presence of a significant number of “tourist norms” in areas of legislation adjacent to the legislation on tourism activities (hereinafter referred to as related legislation);
Ø the development of regional law-making in the field of tourism and its unification;
Ø harmonization of the legislation of the Russian Federation and the law of the European Union, the laws of the states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, etc.
These trends were most clearly manifested in 2006-2007, when, as a result of effective law-making activities of the federal executive body in the field of tourism, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts were adopted that formed the legal foundations of the modern civilized tourism market in our country. At the moment, the legislation on tourism activities largely complies with the norms and principles of international law, harmonized with the law of the European Union and the legislation of developed countries in relation to tourism.
Legislation on tourism activities
In accordance with Article 2 of the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation" (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Tourism Activities), the legislation of the Russian Federation on tourism activities belongs to the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and consists of the Law on Tourism Activities adopted in in accordance with it, federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
The legislation of the Russian Federation on tourism activities defines the principles of state policy aimed at establishing the legal foundations for a single tourism market in the Russian Federation, and regulates relations arising from the exercise of the rights of tourists to rest, freedom of movement and other rights when traveling, and also determines the procedure for the rational use tourist resources of the Russian Federation.
The main content of the legislation on tourism activities is the protection of the rights of consumers of the tourist product, the legal regulation of the activities of tour operators and travel agents, as well as the public organization of entrepreneurial activities in the field of tourism. It is in this area of legal regulation that cardinal changes took place in 2007 (amendments to the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation” (No. 12-FZ of February 5, 2007).
With the adoption of the Law, the mechanism for licensing tourism activities that existed in the period 1993-2006 was replaced by a more effective way of state regulation of tourism activities - the unified federal register of tour operators (hereinafter referred to as the register). In this regard, the main document necessary for entrepreneurs to enter information about them in the register is a tour operator liability insurance contract or a bank guarantee for the fulfillment of the tour operator's obligations (financial security). From June 1, 2008, for tour operators operating in the field of international tourism, the amount of financial security cannot be less than 10 million rubles, and for tour operators engaged in domestic tourism - 500 thousand rubles.
In turn, travel agency activities are currently exempt from any excessive administrative regulation. The activities of travel agents are regulated by the Rules for the provision of services for the sale of a tourist product, approved in July 2007 by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as internal standards of associations of tour operators and local acts of travel agents and their associations.
An important place in the activities of the federal executive authorities is given to the issues of tourism safety. In January 2008, the Administrative Regulations for the provision of public services for informing tour operators, travel agents and tourists about the threat to the safety of tourists in the country (place) of temporary residence came into force. The administrative regulations are aimed at timely providing tourists with reliable information about security threats in the country (place) of temporary stay.
In order to improve the quality of tourist services and ensure the safety of tourism in the field of standardization and classification of objects of the tourism industry, Rostourism approved regulatory legal acts regulating the classification of accommodation facilities, ski slopes and beaches. For three years, the classification of hotels has been carried out on the basis of a public-private partnership, confirming the assessment of the quality of service, becoming a kind of quality mark. As international practice shows, the presence of "stars" at the hotel significantly increases its attractiveness for potential customers. Currently, the system is being actively implemented in Russian regions that are in particular need of consumer confidence.
The beach classification system, recently introduced, received positive feedback from Russian and international experts, as well as the leaders of the sanatorium and resort complex, and began to be implemented. Similar work is underway to introduce the Alpine Skiing Classification System.
The aforementioned classification systems, designed to significantly increase the level of safety of vacationers and structure the Russian market, include the procedure for assessing the compliance of hotels (beaches, trails) with security requirements, information support, provision additional services for tourists and other provisions.
Considerable attention in the activities of federal executive authorities is given to the analysis and generalization of law enforcement practice, on the basis of which proposals are formed to improve the legislation on tourism activities. Thus, under the federal executive body in the field of tourism, an interdepartmental working group for monitoring legislation on tourism activities operates on an ongoing basis. An active role in the working group is played by representatives of civil society (associations of tour operators, associations (unions) of banks and insurers).
Legislation on tourism activities is actively developing in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In 48 constituent entities of the Russian Federation there are special laws regulating public relations in the field of tourism (laws “On tourism”, “On tourism activities in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation”, “On supporting the development of tourism”, “On the development of domestic and inbound tourism”, etc.). d.). Along with the laws in 3 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, there are concepts for the development of tourism (health resort, tourist complex) for the medium term, and in 16 regions regional targeted programs for the development of tourism have been adopted. All this emphasizes the importance of tourism for the socio-economic, cultural, environmental and other development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Unfortunately, the current regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation do not always regulate the actual problems of the development of regional tourism. Often, regional laws are created according to the same canons as the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation". At the same time, the federal law and the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have an obvious initial difference. The first ones are designed to lay down unified (general) approaches to state regulation in the field of tourism, and the second ones - features in relation to specific territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
In this regard, in order to effectively develop regional tourism, it is advisable to reflect the following topical issues of legal regulation of tourism in the regulatory legal acts developed by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation:
ü determination and support in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation of priority areas of tourism activities;
ü protecting the rights and legitimate interests of tourists in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, implementing measures to ensure the safety of tourism on its territory;
ü promoting information support for regional tourism, including by promoting a regional tourism product in the domestic and global tourism markets;
ü promoting the standardization and classification of objects of the tourism industry located on the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation;
ü classification and evaluation of tourist resources of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, establishing a regime for their protection, the procedure for maintaining the integrity of tourist resources and implementing measures to restore them, determining the procedure for using tourist resources, taking into account the maximum permissible loads on the environment;
ü assistance in the subject of the Russian Federation to staffing and development of scientific research in the field of tourism;
ü promoting the activities of entrepreneurs in the field of tourism;
ü other issues, with the exception of issues related to the exclusive jurisdiction and powers of the Russian Federation.
Related legislation
The tourism sector is a complex intersectoral complex. In this regard, the regulatory legal regulation of relations in this area includes not only legal acts of the legislation on tourism activities, but also acts of various branches of the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Thus, the Federal Law of June 3, 2006 No. 76-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Special Economic Zones in the Russian Federation” is of great importance for the development of tourism in our country. He formed the legal basis for the creation and operation of tourist and recreational special economic zones in Russia, as well as the development of public-private partnerships. For the first time, the law defines tourism and recreational activities as activities that include elements of tourism, sanatorium-resort and investment activities, which is important for the comprehensive legal regulation of the tourism sector. In 2006, 7 tourist and recreational special economic zones were defined in Russia.
Adopted in 2005, the Federal Law "On Concession Agreements" regulates relations arising from the implementation of concession agreements, establishes guarantees of the rights and legitimate interests of the parties to the concession agreement. As a follow-up to this Law, a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation “On Approval of a Model Concession Agreement for Cultural Objects, Sports, Organization of Citizens' Recreation and Tourism and Other Social and Cultural Objects” was prepared. With the adoption of these regulatory legal acts, the legal framework for attracting investments in the development of engineering, transport and other tourism infrastructure, as well as ensuring the effective use of state or municipal property has been formed.
Implementation of the Federal Law "On the organization and holding of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and the XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in the city of Sochi, the development of the city of Sochi as a mountain climatic resort and the introduction of amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation" will ensure the holding of the XXII Olympic Games in Moscow at the highest level. Sochi and will contribute to the growth of the tourist flow to the Krasnodar Territory and to Russia as a whole.
A significant socio-economic effect was obtained from the implementation of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On approval of the regulation on the stay in the territory of the Russian Federation of foreign citizens - passengers of cruise ships." This document has significantly simplified tourist formalities for foreign tourists arriving in the Russian Federation on cruise ships for a period of not more than 72 hours. Such tourists can visit the tourist centers of our country without issuing a visa, which contributes to obtaining significant benefits for Russian port cities and other settlements (St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, etc.).
On June 28, 2007, the Order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia No. 82 “On Approval of the Federal Aviation Regulations “General Rules for the Air Transportation of Passengers, Baggage, Cargo and Requirements for Servicing Passengers, Consignors, and Consignees” was adopted. The Rules are a timely and relevant document in the field of regulation of tourist air transportation and significantly increase the guarantees for the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of passengers, ensure the quality of services provided.
The norms of the legislation on tourism activities are closely intertwined with the legal norms governing the legal status of foreign citizens, migration registration, issues of leaving the territory of the Russian Federation and entering the Russian Federation, and other issues of state migration policy. In this regard, the adoption of decisions by the state in this area should be carried out taking into account the balance of interests in the development of inbound tourism, as well as the interests of ensuring national security Russian Federation .
The requirements of the dynamics of the development of the tourism market determine the need for continuous improvement of legislative acts in the tourism sector, as well as monitoring of related legislation that affects the state of the tourism industry.
1.2 State of tourism infrastructure
The most significant problems that require close attention and a serious approach to their solution include the insufficient development of tourism infrastructure and the absence, with rare exceptions, of the practice of creating favorable conditions for investment by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the construction of accommodation facilities and other objects of tourist use.
At present, in our country, a significant part of the material base of tourism needs to be updated, since about half of the hotels in our country are classified as non-categorical.
At the same time, proposals for the development of tourism infrastructure cannot be limited only to the creation of a new and reconstruction of the existing hotel stock. It should be noted the importance of the integrated development of tourism infrastructure, which includes not only the large-scale construction of new accommodation facilities, but also related infrastructure (transport, catering, entertainment, tourist display facilities, etc.). The placement of newly built tourist complexes should take into account both the parameters of tourist demand by type of tourism and the nature of the tourist offer - the availability of tourist resources, conditions for staffing, in accordance with environmental requirements and economic feasibility.
The main obstacles to attracting investment are the lack of ready-made investment sites, the necessary business structures, the presence of local administrative barriers and unfavorable land lease conditions. Thus, the registration of a land plot for a hotel often requires a huge number of approvals and is delayed for two or three years. Issues of using rental income for personal purposes (letting out housing for hotel use) remain unresolved.
Currently, the most promising types of tourism in the global tourism market, growing at a faster pace, are:
Cultural and educational tourism, covering 10% of the total international flow of tourists and characterized by a high average rate of tourist spending;
Active types of tourism, such as sports and adventure, are gaining more and more popularity in the world;
Specialized tourism, which implies such varieties as ecological, scientific, educational, event, medical and recreational, etc.;
Cruise - sea and river cruises, in which more than 12 million tourists participated in 2006;
Business tourism covering the so-called MICE industry (business meetings, events, conferences, incentive trips).
Taking into account the nature of Russian tourist resources, the state of the tourist infrastructure and the readiness of the tourist product, the following types of tourism can be of particular interest for the development of inbound tourism in our country: cultural, educational, business, as well as specialized tourism (cruise, event, ecological, rural, hunting and fishing, active, including in the future skiing, extreme (adventure), ethnic, educational, scientific, etc.).
For the domestic market, it is especially important to develop beach and health tourism.
Beach tourism is one of the most popular types of recreation among Russians: 38% of Russian tourists prefer to relax near the water. This direction is actively developing in the Black and Baltic Seas. The resorts of the Azov and Caspian Seas have great prospects for the development of beach recreation, however, the lack of hotel and other tourist infrastructure in the Caspian Sea and the outdated infrastructure in the Sea of Azov are limiting factors for the successful tourist development of these territories. With the appropriate development of infrastructure, this type of tourism could become widespread in the Primorsky Territory.
Yacht tourism in Russia as a whole is just beginning to develop, and the number of tourists is no more than 0.5% of the domestic tourist flow, it is most popular in the Leningrad Region and Karelia, although it could be developed in all the named coastal regions.
For Russia, with its underdeveloped tourism infrastructure and huge unclaimed tourism potential, the development of specialized tourism as a new alternative direction is of the greatest interest in terms of attracting a sophisticated foreign consumer and diversifying the domestic tourism offer.
The identified priority types of tourism and promising tourist regions determine their respective priorities in the development of tourism infrastructure.
According to the level of tourism supply, taking into account the uneven distribution of tourism resources in the country, as well as the different levels of development of tourism infrastructure and human resources, the regions of the country can be distributed as follows:
Regions with a high level of development of the tourist product - Moscow and the Moscow region, St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody region, the Krasnodar Territory, the Kaliningrad region, the regions of the Golden Ring;
Regions with an average level of development of the tourist product - the North-West region, Tver region, Central Russia, Tatarstan, the Volga region, such republics of the North Caucasus as Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria, Rostov region, Irkutsk region, Primorsky Territory, Kamchatka, Murmansk region , Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug;
Regions with an insufficient level of development of the tourist product, but with significant potential for long-term development: coastal areas of the Caspian and Azov Seas, regions of the Far North (Arctic, Franz Josef Land), the Far East region (Kurils, Commander Islands, Yakutia, Khabarovsk Territory, Chukotka, Magadan region), Western Siberia (Altai, Krasnoyarsk Territory, etc.), Tuva (Kungurtug village, Tere-Khol lake, Por-Bazhyn fortress), Buryatia, Ural. In these areas, a high-quality tourist product is just beginning to appear.
One of the urgent problems is the problem of the transport component in ensuring the further development of tourism in Russia. This applies to air, rail, water and road communication, the construction of roads.
The insufficiently high level of organization of air transport within the country in comparison with international transportation is one of the main factors limiting the further development of tourist complexes in the regions of the country. Airport services for aircraft, passenger and cargo handling are regulated by the state as services of natural monopolies, which limits competition for domestic air transportation and does not allow reducing prices for ground handling. Competition on the main routes between air carriers will contribute to lower prices and a corresponding increase in tourist flow. Unlike many foreign countries, there are practically no low-cost carriers with a modern fleet in Russia. The share of air transportation in the structure of the inbound and domestic tourist flow is very significant, but the state of the fleet of airliners, airports, and runways is still holding back the development of tourism in a number of Russian regions.
Despite the positive developments that have taken place in recent years in passenger rail transport (updating the fleet of trains, introducing high-speed trains in a number of directions, expanding the tourist offer associated with the appearance of tourist trains on the most popular cultural and educational routes, improving the quality of service in general), such problems remain unresolved, such as the lack of rail transportation during the high season, the difficulty of buying railway tickets, the lack of an electronic ticket, and inflated prices. In the context of the pan-European trend of increasing popularity of rail travel compared to air travel and due to the greater environmental friendliness of rail transport compared to air, the solution of these problems is of the utmost importance for the development of tourist travel within the country. The transportation of the largest flow of tourists in Russia is carried out precisely by rail: in 2007, about half of the total number of tourists used its services.
For many years, river cruises have been very popular among foreign and Russian tourists. The most popular route is cruises Moscow - St. Petersburg, as well as to Valaam, Solovki, Kizhi, as well as along the Volga. In total, 110 motor ships ply in Russia today on more than a thousand river routes. At the same time, the capacity of the gateway facilities between Moscow and St. Petersburg has practically exhausted itself and a further quantitative increase in the passenger fleet on this route is impossible. Promising regions for the development of river cruises are the waters of the Siberian rivers - Lena, Yenisei and Ob, as well as the Amur.
In the last decades, Russia practically does not conduct its own construction of modern cruise ships and at the same time does not purchase cruise ships abroad. In this regard, cruise shipping on the Black Sea has practically stopped, passenger shipping is not developing on the Caspian and Azov Seas, and the development of river cruises in Central Russia, Siberia and the Far East is being hampered. The infrastructure of cruise tourism is worn out - sea and river stations, moorings, etc.
Tourist buses with a modern level of comfort are also not produced by the domestic industry, despite the fact that about 15% of tourists use this type of transport.
In recent years, ski tourism has begun to actively develop, however, modern equipment of ski resorts requires not only hotels, but also the availability of engineering and transport infrastructure - water, energy and gas supply, a developed road system, ski lifts and other equipment, information communications, high-quality service, environmentally friendly infrastructure. In addition, the mechanism for leasing land plots of the forest fund for the construction of ski facilities is complicated.
Currently, about 150 ski resorts operate in the Russian Federation (Appendix 7). The most popular ski resorts in the Russian Federation are: Krasnaya Polyana in the Krasnodar Territory (260 thousand tourists), Dombay in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (195 thousand tourists were accepted in 2007), Prielbrusye in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic ( 100 thousand tourists). Ski centers of the Moscow region in 2007 received more than 320 thousand people.
The ski centers Bobrovy Log (Krasnoyarsk Territory), Belokurikha (70 km from Biysk), Sheregesh (200 km from Novokuznetsk), Sobolinoye (145 km from Irkutsk) have been built and are successfully operating. , the ski complex on Lake Baikal (the village of Listvyanka, Irkutsk region), Zavyalikha (12 km from Chelyabinsk), is intensively developing,
Ski centers are also being built in other regions: in the Republic of Karelia (“Spasskaya Guba”, the Nizhny Novgorod region (“Nizhny Novgorod Switzerland”, in the Urals - in the Chelyabinsk region (“Two Valleys”, “Eurasia” and in the Kemerovo region, in Altai (“Manzherok ”, in the Magadan region (“Marchekan” (a list of the largest ski resorts in Russia located in various regions of Russia is given in the Appendix).
Given the climatic and landscape features of Russia, skiing, like other types of winter tourism, have great development prospects.
A significant problem is the high customs duties on the purchase Vehicle(tourist buses, cruise ships), hotel and restaurant equipment, equipment for ski resorts, water parks and other infrastructure not produced in Russia.
The state provides support for the development of tourism infrastructure mainly within the framework of the Federal Target Program "South of Russia". So, for the period 2006-2007. Within the framework of the Federal Target Program “South of Russia”, two cable cars were put into operation in the regions of the Southern Federal District: on Dombai - the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and on Elbrus - the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The first stage of access roads to the Lago-Naki ski resort - the Republic of Adygea was put into operation.
The commissioning of these facilities in 2007 made it possible to increase the flow of tourists to Dombai from 70 to 90 thousand people and to attract more than 500 million rubles of private investment for the construction of 51 small hotel complexes. In the resort regions of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody and the city of Anapa, as a result of the decision of program measures, the capacity of water supply and drainage systems increased by 40%, which will increase the possibility of receiving vacationers by 500 thousand people.
On the territory of the Maykop region of the Republic of Adygea, 3 hotels with 200 beds were built and put into operation at the expense of attracted private investments. This will create conditions for the sustainable development of the villages of Khamyshki and Guzeripl, located in the immediate vicinity of these facilities.
An incentive for the development of inbound and domestic tourism in the Russian Federation may be the amendments to the Federal Law "On Special Economic Zones in the Russian Federation" adopted in 2006, which provide for the allocation of special economic zones of a tourist and recreational type.
The importance of tourism in the world is constantly growing, which is associated with the increased influence of this sector on the economy. Tourism is a significant source of income, employment, contributes to the diversification of the economy, creating industries that serve this area. In addition, tourism is an essential factor in the implementation of the foreign policy of the state. The resource potential of Russia allows, with an appropriate level of development of the tourist infrastructure, to increase the reception of foreign tourists several times.
At present, a realistic approach to tourism and an understanding of it as a sector of the economy that has significant benefits for the socio-economic development of Russian regions are gradually being formed in the country as a whole.
The analysis of the current state of tourism development in the world and the state of the tourism sector in the Russian Federation, carried out in the previous sections, including the measures taken by Rostourism for its development, allows us to assess the competitive advantages and disadvantages of Russia as a tourist destination among the main host markets. Competitive advantages include, first of all, the richest cultural, historical and natural heritage of our country, combined with the factor of unknown, which is of particular interest to sophisticated foreign tourists. The emergence in recent years of new tourism products in the regions of the North, the Urals and Siberia enhances the competitive advantages of Russia. Trends in the development of tourism in the world show that as the world becomes more explored and fewer new tourist centers appear, the tendency to travel to more remote, less known and inaccessible places will intensify.
The undoubted competitive advantages of Russia are political stability and increased security in the country, the growth of per capita incomes of citizens, and the stability of the national currency.
At the same time, it should be noted that the unique natural resources and cultural heritage that our country possesses cannot be considered as the only and sufficient condition for ensuring the successful development of tourism in the country, since they are only one of the elements of the tourist offer. There are a number of examples in the world of exceptionally successful countries in the development of tourism, possessing natural or cultural resources relatively comparable to Russia, but at the same time having a developed high-quality tourism infrastructure. An example is China and a number of other countries, such as Austria, France or Spain, which annually earn several tens of billions of dollars from international tourism alone.
For the most part, tourist preferences of both foreign and domestic tourists are associated with a high level of service and a reasonable price-quality ratio. These conditions are currently and in the near future will be preferred when choosing tourist trips. The general trend is the polarization of tourist preferences, on the one hand, characterized by the strengthening of the position of mass tourism in developed tourist countries, and on the other, by an increase in demand for an individual or specialized tourist product.
Competitive weaknesses include factors that still persist and hinder the development of inbound and domestic tourism, such as:
Insufficiently developed tourist infrastructure in most regions of the country, a small number of tourist-class hotel accommodation facilities with a modern level of comfort;
High cost of accommodation in hotels, meals, transport and other services offered to tourists, significantly exceeding the average European level;
Obstacles to attract investment in tourism infrastructure, consisting in the absence of ready-made investment sites, the presence of administrative barriers, unfavorable land lease conditions;
In general, the continuing shortage of qualified personnel, which determines the low quality of service in all sectors of the tourism industry, despite some change in the situation for the better over the past 2-3 years;
Preservation of negative stereotypes of perception of the image of Russia created by certain foreign media and, at the same time, insufficient state non-commercial advertising of the country's tourism opportunities both in foreign source markets and within the country, which makes it difficult to purposefully form a positive image of Russia as a country favorable for tourism due to limited public funding
The issues of simplifying the procedure for issuing Russian visas to tourists from such migration-safe foreign countries as European countries, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Australia, Switzerland, Canada, etc. remain unresolved. flow.
Thus, the systemic problem is that while maintaining the current level of Russia's competitiveness in the global tourism market, the opportunities for developing the domestic tourism market will not be sufficient to improve living standards and increase employment, to meet the growing demand for quality tourism services.
An analysis of the competitive advantages and weaknesses of the Russian Federation in the inbound and domestic tourism market, given in Appendix 1, shows the need for active actions, primarily from the state, aimed at creating conditions for the sustainable development of tourism in Russia.
Based on the foregoing, the goal of tourism development in the Russian Federation is the formation of a modern, efficient, competitive tourism market that provides ample opportunities to meet the needs of Russian and foreign citizens in tourism services, increase employment and income levels of the population.
To achieve the formulated goal, it is necessary to provide incentives for the successful development of inbound and domestic tourism in the Russian Federation as one of the elements of economic growth, strengthening the country's international prestige and improving the quality of life of the population by solving the following tasks:
Improvement of regulatory legal regulation in the field of tourism;
Development and improvement of tourism infrastructure, including related (transport, catering, entertainment industry, etc.);
Creation of new priority tourist centers;
Improving the quality of tourism and related services;
Improving the visa policy, including in the direction of simplifying the conditions for the entry into our country of tourists from countries that are safe in terms of migration;
Providing conditions for the personal safety of tourists.
Chapter 2. Promotion of Russia as a tourist destination in the domestic and international tourism markets
To form a competitive tourism market, efforts to develop infrastructure alone are not enough. An effective strategy is needed to promote the domestic tourism product, focused on key tourism destination markets and of an aggressive nature, which will make inbound and domestic tourism a profitable component of the entire Russian economy.
To increase the competitiveness of the Russian tourist product and create a favorable image of the country, it is necessary to organize the production of advertising non-commercial printed materials in foreign languages of the main destination markets.
Much of this is already being done. At the same time, with the currently existing budget financing, activities to promote the Russian national tourist product can only minimally change the parameters of the existing tourist flow.
Most countries of the world, realizing the importance of tourism for their economies, invest heavily in promoting the national tourism product, taking into account the specifics of the main sending and receiving markets.
UNWTO data show that in order to additionally attract one foreign tourist, which provides an average of 1,000 euros to the country's economy, states spend from 3 to 10 euros on non-commercial advertising of a tourist product. In accordance with this, the average amount of budgetary funds allocated in European countries for the promotion of a tourist product is 31.7 million euros.
Unfortunately, with the current budget financing, which is 0.69 euros for attracting one foreign tourist, measures to promote the Russian national tourism product can only minimally change the parameters of the existing tourist flow.
Only a wide image non-commercial advertising campaign of the country's tourism opportunities, focused on key directing external and internal tourism markets and of a stable nature, will make inbound and domestic tourism a profitable component of the entire tourism sector in Russia. Data on the world's leading countries in terms of consumer spending in the field of international tourism are given in Appendix 9. Particular attention should be paid to the comprehensive promotion of Russian tourism in the CIS countries, to promote not only the revival of traditional tourist routes, but also the presentation of new tourism products.
Representative offices of the Russian Federation for tourism abroad, which should provide communication with the tourism industry of these markets, with the media, and other participants in the tourism process, can and should become conductors of active promotion of the tourism product in the main source markets abroad. It was previously planned that this work would be undertaken by the Trade Representations of the Russian Federation abroad. Unfortunately, this has not happened. The effectiveness of such measures is not in doubt, only in the Russian Federation there are currently more than 40 foreign tourism offices.
Thus, the task of the state is to promote the Russian tourist product in the domestic and world markets. Private business cannot conduct a non-commercial image advertising campaign for the whole country, as it promotes and sells only its own product, and creating the image of Russia as a country favorable for tourism is an exclusively state task. This is confirmed by world practice.
The need to implement this task is indicated in the Federal Law of February 5, 2007 No. 12-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Basics of Tourism in the Russian Federation”.
The mechanisms for promoting Russia as a tourist destination in the domestic and international tourism markets are the following types of activities implemented by the state and oriented both to consumers and the tourism industry. These should include:
Participation in the largest international tourism and other exhibitions as a single Russian national stand with the involvement of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
Support and consolidation of specialized exhibition activities in the Russian Federation in order to create one of the world's largest tourism exhibitions in the domestic tourism market
Preparation of non-commercial advertising and information printed and other products for distribution at major international tourism exhibitions and through Russian foreign missions, including through representative offices established under the federal executive body in the field of tourism;
Dissemination of information about Russia as an attractive tourist destination in the global Internet;
Carrying out other actions, for example, information support for festivals and events held in the country, presentations of new Russian tourist destinations abroad, organizing info tours for foreign and domestic media, holding major international conferences, symposiums, congresses and other events based on bilateral and multilateral international cooperation, as well as cooperation with major intergovernmental organizations.
The experience of implementing state advertising and information strategies indicates the need to diversify the tourism product: along with the traditional tourism offer, it is necessary to ensure the display of new tourism products, the dissemination of broader information about national traditions, trades and crafts, new museums and expositions, events and tourism services.
All this requires the development of a long-term information campaign aimed at creating a positive image of the country in order to promote the development of inbound and domestic tourism.
2.1 Research of the Volga tourist zone
The Volga tourist zone is a meridianally extended area, heterogeneous in natural and economic terms, united by the water system of the Volga and its tributaries. It occupies an advantageous geographical position in close proximity to areas that generate tourist flows - two Russian capitals, as well as the Urals, and has good transport accessibility, being located at the intersection of the most important railway, water and motorways; open regular air traffic, which contributes to the development of tourism.
The tourist specialization of the zone is educational and health-improving. The administrative centers located on the Volga are at the same time the most significant objects of educational tourism - Kostroma (Ipatiev Monastery of the XIV century), Nizhny Novgorod (Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin), Kazan (Museum-Reserve "Kazan Kremlin"), Ulyanovsk (memorial-museum complex "Motherland of V. I. Electrodes for welding look. Welding, electrodes, welding rectifiers. Lenin "), Volgograd (museum-panorama "Battle of Stalingrad", monument-ensemble "Mamaev Kurgan"), etc. Interesting for tourists in the Volga region are places associated with the names AM Gorky, V.I. Chapaeva, I.I. On the web-site of this company: production of granite monuments, according to 6863 - here Levitana, A.D. Sakharov and other prominent personalities.
The Volga tourist zone is the main area of river cruise tourism in the country. There are opportunities for organizing stationary recreation on the water. Entertainment in Safaga.
Business tourism is also actively developing here. Promising are ecological tourism in specially protected natural areas, fishing and hunting, ski tourism in the Samara-Tolyatti region, event tourism based on cultural and sports activities, sports and adventure tourism, primarily water: rafting on the Sura, Khoper, Don and Medical tourism is also developing: the Elton balneo-mud resort (Volgograd region), the Undory balneological resort (Ulyanovsk region), etc. Unorganized outdoor recreation is popular among the local population. rental of special equipment price.
The Volga tourist zone is poorly involved in the tourist turnover. There is an imbalance in the structure of tourist trips: the predominance of outbound tourist flows over inbound and domestic ones. Inbound tourism is dominated by intrazonal tourist flows from adjacent regions, Moscow, and northern cities. Among those who come to the Volga region, there is a large proportion of business tourists - out-of-town and foreign specialists working under contract at large enterprises in the region, as well as groups of out-of-town schoolchildren. Upholstered furniture, furniture catalog.
The zone is characterized by an average level of development of tourist infrastructure. There are positive trends in the tourist accommodation sector: construction of new boarding houses and suburban hotel complexes (Samara, Tolyatti, etc.), reconstruction and re-equipment of sanatoriums and hotels, and small private hotels are being built. Based on franchising, international hotel chains came to the region. Most of the travel agencies are concentrated in the Nizhny Novgorod region, the Republic of Tatarstan, Samara, Saratov and Volgograd regions.
The Law of the Astrakhan region “On tourism activities in the territory of the Astrakhan region”, the Law of the Chuvash Republic “On tourism”, regional programs for the development of tourism in the Volgograd and Saratov regions, the concept of the development of physical culture, sports and tourism in the Republic of Tatarstan, etc. have been adopted and are being implemented. tourist organization "Big Volga" to promote the travel market of the Volga region as a tourist destination.
2.2 Development of tourism in the Volga region
Given the uneven distribution of tourism potential in the country, as well as the different levels of development of tourism infrastructure, the development of strategic directions for the development of tourism is based on the principle of zoning the territory of the Russian Federation, depending on the degree of formation of the regional tourism offer for promotion in the domestic and international markets.
According to the level of the state of the material base of tourism, the territory of the Russian Federation is distributed as follows:
Regions with a high level of development of the material base of tourism - Moscow and the Moscow region, St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, the Krasnodar Territory, the Kaliningrad Region;
Regions with an average level of development of the material base of tourism - the North-West region (Pskov and Novgorod regions, the Republic of Karelia), the Central Russian region - the Golden Ring, the Volga region, etc.;
Areas with a low level of development of the material base of tourism - the Northern region, the Far East region (Kamchatka, the Kuriles, Primorye), the West Siberian region (Gorny Altai), the East Siberian region (Lake Baikal region), etc.
Based on this division, the Volga region belongs to the regions with an average level of development of the material base of tourism.
In 2008, an agreement was signed in the city of Ulyanovsk on cooperation between eight regions of the Volga Federal District in the field of tourism development. The Samara region was among the first to join the agreement. The expansion of the range of regions should increase the tourist flow to the province, as well as contribute to the emergence of additional tourist routes.
The agreement on cooperation in the field of tourism between the Ulyanovsk and Samara regions, as well as the Republic of Tatarstan, was signed back in 2008. The purpose of the agreement is to increase the competitiveness of tourism in the Middle Volga region. In 2009, the Republic of Chuvashia joined the agreement. The signed document has become the only example in Russia of the unification of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to create and promote an interregional tourism product.
Within the framework of the all-Russian meeting "Interregional cooperation in the field of tourism" in Ulyanovsk, the Nizhny Novgorod, Penza and Saratov regions and the Republic of Mari El joined the quadripartite agreement. The main tasks of the parties to the agreement include the creation of an effective system of interaction, the integration of legal, administrative, economic, financial, logistical and other resources in the process of developing domestic tourism, as well as improving the quality of the process of promoting tourism products.
"Cooperation between regions in the field of tourism will create favorable conditions for the tourism business," says Vladislava Slepova, head of the Department of Tourism, Small and Medium Business Infrastructure of the Department for Entrepreneurship Development of the Government of the Ulyanovsk Region. "This also includes the creation of a single information field, certain service standards, promotion of a common brand "Volga" in the market, providing methodological and informational assistance, cooperation in the field of personnel training". In addition, according to Slepova, an Internet portal is being developed, which will provide information on tourist routes of the regions participating in the agreement.
For the region, the signed cooperation agreement means an increase in the tourist flow due to visitors from neighboring regions, and the residents of the province will have the opportunity to have an interesting vacation without leaving Russia. According to Slepova, in the future - expanding the reach of the audience of tourist programs up to the exchange of school tourist groups.
As Mikhail Maltsev, head of the regional tourism development department of the Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy, explained, several tourist routes have already been developed and are operating over the two years of the agreement. "River cruises to Kazan are very popular," Maltsev said. "Tours to the Vladimir Lenin Museum-Reserve in Ulyanovsk are also becoming popular. Routes are being developed with the support of the federal tourism agency."
In 2010, 19 cruise ships will operate in these areas. In the future, the regions - parties to the agreement - will develop a program for the development of a single tourist product - the Volga River. "It is assumed that the costs of infrastructure development will be covered by the federal and regional budgets, and objects of commercial use will be built at the expense of private investors," said Mikhail Maltsev. As a result of the meeting in Ulyanovsk, a coordinating council was created, which included one representative from each region.
Conclusion
The implementation of the main directions and tasks of tourism development in Russia is designed to ensure the implementation of the following national tasks of the current stage of Russia's economic development:
Creation of conditions for dynamic and sustainable economic growth. To do this, due to high growth rates, the tourism industry (including related areas) must ensure its contribution to an additional increase in the rate of economic development;
Improving the level and quality of life of the population by increasing the availability of tourist services, employment and incomes of the inhabitants of our country;
Increasing the competitiveness of the Russian economy by increasing the attractiveness of our country as a tourist destination;
Ensuring a balanced socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation by increasing the share of tourism in the regional gross product.
The hypothesis formulated in the course of the study confirmed that the tourism industry in Russia has the potential for development while eliminating the shortcomings inherent in the current state of the industry, as well as with state support and regulation.
As a study of the tourism sector of the Volga region showed, the development of domestic tourism in this district is hampered by two main factors: the depreciation of the tourist infrastructure and the lack of modern hotels with a large number of rooms.
According to the estimates of the Federal Agency for Tourism of the Russian Federation, the Volga region ranks third in the Russian Federation in terms of domestic tourism: 2.5 million people visit the Volga Federal District subjects annually, which is 10% of the total volume of this type of tourism in Russia. Based on the existing historical, cultural and national characteristics, as well as the presence of a large number of recreational areas, the Volga regions seek to attract investors to the tourism sector. According to the register of investment projects of tourist complexes of Rostourism, as of October 1, 2007, three such projects are planned in the Kostroma, Kirov and Samara regions, eight of them in Tatarstan, one in Chuvashia, and six in the Penza region.
Another weak point of the Volga region tourism can be called the unsatisfactory state of the tourist infrastructure, its high degree of deterioration (60−80%). The development of domestic tourism in the same Samara region is due to the exploitation of existing tourism funds, while, for example, in the Republic of Tatarstan and the Nizhny Novgorod region, the renewal and reconstruction of existing funds is supplemented by the introduction of new tourism infrastructure facilities.
A factor hindering the development of domestic tourism is the weak state support for this segment. As a target project, the state program for the development of tourism in each of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation should take into account the specifics of the region, objectively assess the problems tourism industry and offer a set of measures, the implementation of which will allow the growth of the regional tourism business. The absence of a targeted program leads to unsystematic development of the industry. A vivid example of this is the Kostroma region, rich in tourist facilities, where only 5% of the market falls to the share of visiting tourists.
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Appendix
Competitive advantages and disadvantages of Russia in domestic and inbound tourist destinations
|
Competitive advantages |
Competitive weaknesses |
| Political stability | The high cost of tourist services (accommodation in hotels, meals, transport, etc.) |
| The stability of the national currency | Insufficiently developed tourist infrastructure, a small number of tourist-class hotels |
| Availability of the richest cultural and natural resources | High cost and underdeveloped domestic air and rail network |
| Availability of new tourism products that meet the need for travel to more remote, less known and inaccessible places | The presence of administrative barriers and unfavorable conditions for land lease to attract investment in regional tourism infrastructure |
| Income growth per capita | Preservation of negative stereotypes of perception of the image of Russia, supported by certain foreign media |
| Insufficient state non-commercial advertising of the country's tourism opportunities in foreign destinations and in the domestic market | |
| Insufficiently high level of personal safety of tourists | |
| Imperfect visa policy towards states that do not pose a migration risk | |
| Inflated rates for foreign tourists for the services of state museums | |
| Low quality of service in all sectors of the tourism industry due to a shortage of qualified personnel | |
| Unsatisfactory quality of roads for the development of tourism using motor vehicles |
1. One of the strategic tasks of the long-term development of the republic is maximum use of its geographical position, ensuring the attractiveness of transit through Belarus. By 2011, it is planned to build over 600 roadside service facilities. The transit potential will grow due to a large-scale program for the creation of transport and logistics centers. At least 19 of them will be created on the territory of the republic. But there is still a lot to be done both in terms of introducing transport infrastructure facilities, and technical equipment and reconstruction of existing transport systems. Thus, the main international highway Brest-Moscow is provided with food outlets by only 46%, accommodation facilities by 18%, paid parking by 30%.
2. Belarus has significant potential for development rural tourism : nature reserves, national parks, 10 thousand lakes, 20 thousand rivers, animal and plant diversity. It is also important that agritourism can create jobs in villages and prevent the outflow of the local population to cities, develop the infrastructure of villages and strengthen social contacts, using the opportunity for cultural exchange. Talk about what rural tourism will save the Belarusian village, it is still too early, but such a possibility really exists. The state is only required to provide preferential legal conditions for the development of "green" tourism.
3. Further improvement of the sanatorium base of the Republic of Belarus . The country is often compared with Ukrainian resorts, for example, with Truskavets, the Moscow region, Central Russia and the Kaliningrad region. Compared to them, Belarus is, first of all, a budgetary direction. Plus cleanliness, order, hospitality, safety, predictability and good roads. There are two state languages in the republic - Belarusian and Russian. When compared with our Western neighbors, Lithuania and Poland, the price factor becomes even more noticeable. Of course, in these countries the level of comfort and service is higher, but there is a question of language and a visa barrier. And a Russian can enter the territory of Belarus with a Russian passport. Belarus can compete with the resorts of the Krasnodar Territory. After all, for those who prefer summer holidays on the water, the possibilities of Belarus are inexhaustible. This is the land of large and clean lakes. Any health resort stands on the shore, has a well-maintained beach and water activities. In terms of balneological potential, the country can be compared with the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. The decisive factor is again the price, safety and transport accessibility. In terms of natural and climatic conditions, Belarus is close to Central Russia, so acclimatization is not needed here - this is an important factor for children. But the climate here is milder than in Moscow or St. Petersburg.
4. Implementation of the replenishment of the tourism industry with highly qualified personnel, the preparation of educational and methodological literature and curricula, their adaptation to international standards. It was these reasons that became the motives for the creation in the republic in the 1990s. networks of educational institutions that train tourist personnel. By the end of the 1990s. in 16 higher educational institutions of the republic (state and non-state) training of personnel for the tourist complex began.
Thus, the 1990s in the field of tourism, the republics have become a period of qualitative changes, primarily in the structure of economic entities. The private tourism sector, which has been widely developed, is still focused on expanding outbound tourism, but the analysis of tourist flows shows that changes are also planned here. An increasing number of firms in the total volume of tourist services are increasing the share of domestic tourism, are purposefully working to create a new tourist image of the republic.
The tourism industry in Russia should become a powerful sector of the national economy. As foreign practice shows, the development of the industry will be possible if the state structures endowed with power realize the importance of the role of tourism in the social and economic development of the Russian Federation and begin to pursue a protectionist policy in relation to the tourism industry.
In recent years, we have made some progress in this direction.
The Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation" (November 24, 1996, No. 132-FZ) states for the first time that tourism is one of the priority sectors of the economy.
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 22, 1995 No. No. 1284 (Appendix 3), the Concept for the Reorganization and Development of Tourism in the Russian Federation was approved.
The main goal of the concept is the creation of a modern, highly efficient and competitive tourist complex, providing, on the one hand, ample opportunities to meet the needs of Russian and foreign citizens in tourism services, and on the other hand, a significant contribution to the development of the country's economy, including by increasing the number of jobs , tax revenues to the federal budget, inflow of foreign currency, conservation and rational use of cultural and natural heritage.
To achieve this goal, it is proposed:
- 1. inclusion of tourism in the list of the main directions of the structural restructuring of the Russian economy;
- 2. implementation of the federal target program "Development of tourism in the Russian Federation";
- 3. creation of a regulatory framework for the development of tourism, consistent with international practice;
- 4. formation of economic mechanisms for stimulating the development of foreign and domestic tourism, attracting investments in this area and protecting the domestic tourism market by providing tax and customs benefits, state guarantees and other measures of state support;
- 5. introduction of a strict system of certification and licensing of tourism activities;
- 6. creation of favorable conditions for cooperation between tourism, banking structures, transport, hotel and insurance companies in order to form high-tech tourist service complexes and develop the material and technical base of the industry.
Prospects for the development of the tourism industry in the country are determined by the federal target program "Development of Tourism in the Russian Federation", approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 26.02.96. No. 177 and the Program of social reforms in the Russian Federation for the period 1996-2000, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 02.26.97 No. 222.
The federal program contains the main measures for the development of tourism. Its main goal is to create in Russia a modern, highly efficient and competitive tourist complex that provides opportunities to meet the needs of Russian and foreign citizens in tourism services, a large number of additional jobs, tax revenues to the budget and the preservation of cultural and natural heritage.
The following areas are envisaged for the implementation of the program:
- ? tourism is included in the list of the main directions of the structural restructuring of the Russian economy;
- ? creation of a regulatory and legal framework for the development of tourism, corresponding to world experience and legal practice;
- ? formation of economic mechanisms for stimulating the development of foreign and domestic tourism, attracting investments in this area and protecting the domestic tourism market by providing tax and customs benefits, state guarantees and other measures of state support;
- ? introduction of a strict system of certification and licensing of tourism activities;
- ? creation of favorable conditions for cooperation between tourism, banking structures, transport, hotel and insurance companies in order to form high-tech tourist service complexes and develop the material and technical base of the industry.
For the Russian state, the direction of national protectionism should be a preferential tax on value added in tourism, which is practiced all over the world. For example, in France, VAT in all industries is 22%, and in tourism - no more than 13%. Since the beginning of 1994 in the EU countries, the amount of this tax has been reduced to 10%. Naturally, such a powerful economic lever gives a quick and very significant return.
To attract tourists to the domestic market, according to Arintsev Yu.N. (Arintsev Yu.N. How to make tourism in Russia profitable? // Tourism: practice, problems, prospects. 1998 No. 3. p. 2-4), the main emphasis should be on the quality of service and price. The comparability of the quality and price of the product is fundamentally important for Russian consumers. The avalanche of vacation offers abroad was in demand by Russians because they were offered a higher quality service at reasonable prices.
Bringing the price and quality of the services provided by Russian tourist organizations into line requires, first of all, the modernization and improvement of the existing material and technical base, and, consequently, capital investments.
To increase the competitiveness of the material and technical base of domestic tourism, it is necessary:
- ? exemption of tourism enterprises (hotels, sanatoriums, campsites) from paying customs duties on equipment and building materials imported from abroad for repair and construction works at tourist sites;
- ? partial or full exemption from payment of all federal taxes when investing in the material base of the tourism and sanatorium industry, depending on the volume of capital investments made;
- ? provision of preferential loans (at 7-10% per annum) for the improvement and development of the material and technical base of tourism, deferred payments on them for a period of 2 to 10 years.
In order to support the development of tourism, measures should be taken to exempt tourism enterprises from paying city and regional taxes within the limits not exceeding the amount of investments (city: income tax, VAT; regional: land tax, housing fund, education, transport tax, property tax , income tax, VAT).
Regional authorities could exempt tourism enterprises from regional taxes (such as road use, education tax, transport tax, property tax, income tax) to the extent not exceeding investments in the development of the material and technical base. Unfortunately, the federal program for the development of tourism in the investment section is practically not being implemented; there is a lack of necessary financial support for tourism from both the federal and local authorities. Moreover, there is a suffocation of national entrepreneurs with exorbitant taxes, a constant increase in the cost of utilities, the issue of the cost of land and fixed assets.
The state does not protect domestic travel agencies well from foreign travel companies, which, as noted in the previous section, operate widely on the Russian market. Foreign firms that establish their representative offices in Russia pay taxes in their home countries, and, accordingly, the Russian budget is not replenished. But some progress has been made in this direction. Thus, in the draft "On Amendments and Additions to the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation", adopted in the second reading (09/04/98), it is provided that only those tourist enterprises, 51% shares of which are owned by persons with Russian citizenship.In addition, the share of the authorized capital of foreign owners should not exceed 49%, at least half of the total number of employees should be Russian citizens permanently residing in its territory.The board of directors or other executive body should also have majority of Russians To prevent the entry of one-day firms into the Russian market, amendments to the law include a requirement that foreign companies operating in Russia must have at least 10 years of experience.
One of the priority areas for the development of tourism in Russia should be the training of highly qualified specialists. The tourism product has significant differences from the "classic" product, so the hope that people without special knowledge will cope with tourism activities has not materialized. This problem is relevant not only for the tourism sector, but also for the entire hospitality industry, which has been brought into decline during the years of Soviet power in the country.
Public organizations for tourism
Non-governmental public tourism organizations are actively operating in our country. Their main tasks:
- ? creation of tourism infrastructure,
- ? influence on the development of legislation,
- ? implementation of international service standards,
- ? promotion of Russian tourism products to foreign markets.
Such organizations function both at the national and regional levels.
1. At the national level:
ASTUR - Association of tourist organizations of Russia;
NTA - National Tourist Association;
NGTP - National Guild of Travel Press;
PACT - Russian Association of Social Tourism;
RATA - Russian Assembly of Travel Agencies;
RGA - Russian Hotel Association;
TSSR - Tourist and Sports Union of Russia.
2. At the regional level:
MATA - Moscow Association of Travel Agencies;
NTL - Nizhny Novgorod Tourist League, etc.
Among public national organizations, active work stands out Russian Assembly of Travel Agencies(President of RATA - Deputy Chairman of the SCFT Sergey Shpilko, Vice President - President of the Corporation "Academservice" I. Zvorykin).
RATA was established in July 1993 by six Moscow firms and now has 611 members.
There are ten regional branches in the RATA structure:
- ? Northwestern (St. Petersburg);
- ? Tverskoye (Tver);
- ? South Russian (Krasnodar);
- ? Central Black Earth (Voronezh);
- ? Nizhny Novgorod (Nizhny Novgorod);
- ? Krasnoyarsk (Krasnoyarsk);
- ? Buryat (Ulan-Ude);
- ? Khabarovsk (Khabarovsk);
- ? Primorskoye (Vladivostok);
- ? Interregional "Golden Ring" (Yaroslavl).
In addition, there are representative offices in the Crimea, Great Britain and Bulgaria.
RATA was created as an association of travel companies, but now it includes hotels, sanatorium and resort enterprises, insurance companies, advertising agencies and the tourist press. The Nizhny Novgorod branch entered the RATA in May 1998, the initiator of this was the Nizhny Novgorod Tourist League.
The Russian Assembly of Travel Agencies solves various tasks:
- 1) development of domestic and outbound tourism;
- 2) participation in international exhibitions;
- 3) development of bills. Directions of work:
- ? consumer rights Protection;
- ? leveling the imbalance between inbound and outbound tourism;
- ? lobbying the interests of small and medium-sized businesses;
- ? support for regional development programs.
1. Approve the attached Strategy for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 (hereinafter - the Strategy).
2. The federal executive authorities shall be guided by the provisions of the Strategy in the development of federal target programs and other policy documents.
4. Ministry of Culture of Russia:
Together with interested federal executive authorities, submit to the Government of the Russian Federation a draft action plan for the implementation of the Strategy within 3 months;
Ensure control over the implementation of the provisions of the Strategy when agreeing on federal targeted programs and other policy documents.
Prime Minister
Russian Federation
D. Medvedev
Note. red.: the text of the order is published on the official Internet portal of legal information http://www.pravo.gov.ru, 06/09/2014.
Tourism development strategy in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020
I. General provisions
Currently, in the Russian Federation, much attention is paid to state policy in the field of domestic and inbound tourism.
In the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 17, 2008 N 1662-r, tourism is considered as an essential component of the innovative development of our country, and the main goals, objectives, principles and directions of state policy in the field of tourism.
In accordance with the list of instructions of the President of the Russian Federation on the development of inbound and domestic tourism in the Russian Federation dated July 30, 2013 N Pr-1814, a Strategy for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy) was developed, which is based on the following sustainable development priorities reflected in the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2009 N 537:
Improving the quality of life of Russian citizens by guaranteeing personal security, as well as high standards of life support;
economic growth, which is achieved primarily through the development of a national innovation system and investment in human capital;
science, technology, education, health and culture, which are developed by strengthening the role of the state and improving public-private partnerships;
ecology of living systems and rational nature management, the maintenance of which is achieved through balanced consumption, the development of advanced technologies and the expedient reproduction of the country's natural resource potential;
strategic stability and equal strategic partnership, which are strengthened on the basis of Russia's active participation in the development of a multipolar model of the world order.
The development of tourism is of great importance for the state as a whole, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities. Russia has a huge potential for the development of domestic and inbound tourism. The development and maximum implementation of such tourism is the main objective of the Strategy.
A lot of work has been done in the field of tourism development. Such promising areas as the Far East, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, the Urals, the North of Russia, the cities have become more accessible to foreign tourists. Nizhny Novgorod, Samara and other territories. International industry exhibitions, forums on various types of tourism that are promising for Russia are regularly held, professional educational standards have been created, and work is underway to create a positive image of the country in the field of tourism. Much work has been done to organize the holding of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and the XI Paralympic Winter Games in 2014 in Sochi. Thus, we can say that the tourism industry has been constantly developing in recent years. At present, the task is to maintain the achieved results, improve the qualitative aspects of the organization of tourism programs and create conditions for maximizing the positive social effect from the development of tourism in the country.
In addition, new tasks are facing the sphere of tourist services in connection with the entry into the Russian Federation of new subjects - the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. Today, the task is to integrate these constituent entities of the Russian Federation into the tourism management system of the Russian Federation, mitigate the negative effects of the transition period and ensure the development of tourism, as well as improve the quality of life of the population of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. Traditionally popular holiday destinations for Russians in the Republic of Crimea increase the attractiveness of domestic tourism, which imposes additional responsibility on the executive authorities in the field of tourism for the quality of services and tourism infrastructure facilities, the safety of tourists, the provision of jobs and the contribution of tourism to the budget of the Russian Federation.
Tourism is considered as a source of financial budget revenues budget system Russian Federation, a means of increasing employment and the quality of life of the population, a way to maintain the health of citizens, the basis for the development of the socio-cultural environment and the education of patriotism, as well as a powerful tool for education and the formation of a moral platform for the development of civil society. In 2002 - 2005, the Russian Federation implemented the Concept for the Development of Tourism in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2005, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 11, 2002 N 954-r.
Within the framework of the federal target program "South of Russia (2014 - 2020)", approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 26, 2013 N 1297 "On the federal target program "South of Russia (2014 - 2020)", at the first stage of its implementation (2014 - 2016) it is planned to implement measures to put into operation capital construction facilities in the tourism sector, the construction of which was carried out as part of the implementation of the federal target program "South of Russia (2008 - 2013)", approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 14, 2008. N 10 "On the federal target program "South of Russia (2008 - 2013)", and the federal target program "Socio-economic development of the Chechen Republic for 2008 - 2012", approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 15, 2008 N 537 " On the federal target program "Socio-economic development of the Chechen Republic for 2008-2012", and it is also planned to implement activities for the construction of external infrastructure facilities of the North Caucasus tourist cluster and the development of the Caucasian Mineral Waters region.
The targets for tourism development in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015 correlate with the forecast for the development of world tourism by the World Tourism and Travel Council made in 2004, at a time when in 2013 the World Tourism Organization at the UN updated its forecasts and calculated updated development targets tourism until 2030, which indicates a slowdown in growth.
Within the framework of the Strategy for Innovative Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 8, 2011 N 2227-r, and state programs of the Russian Federation, measures are envisaged in the field of tourism, which faces the following tasks: consolidating and retaining the achievements results; reorientation of part of Russian consumer demand for domestic tourism;
Attracting foreign tourists;
implementation of the strategic role of tourism in spiritual development, education of patriotism and education;
ensuring the growth of the quality of life of the population.
The strategy is an integral part of the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 17, 2008 N 1662-r, and fully correlates with the objectives of the state program of the Russian Federation "Development of Culture and Tourism" for 2013 - 2020, and also continues to implement the activities planned in previous years in the field of tourism. The strategy fully takes into account global trends and the current state of the industry in the context of current and future tasks of public administration in the field of economy, culture, work with children and youth, social security of citizens, physical culture and sports, education, employment promotion and conservation of natural and cultural and historical resources our country. In accordance with the provisions of the Strategy, it is necessary to develop an action plan for its implementation.
The strategy lays the foundation for understanding the long-term challenges facing the industry, and is a tool for the formation of work plans for executive authorities and participants in the tourism business at all levels, as well as for guiding the entrepreneurial initiative of citizens in the field of tourism.
II. The current state and trends in the development of tourism in the world
The Russian Federation today occupies a strong position in the international tourism market. In 2012, Russia entered the top 10 countries in terms of the number of arrivals of foreign citizens, declaring a serious growth rate of this indicator (13 percent). In 2012, our country accounted for 4.8 percent of the total tourist flow in the world. At the same time, citizens of the Russian Federation still form an active outbound tourist flow. In 2012, our country ranked 5th in terms of tourist spending.
In the estimates of the World Tourism Organization at the UN, the geographical division of the world into enlarged regions and subregions is accepted. In accordance with this classification, the Russian Federation belongs to the group of countries of Central and of Eastern Europe, which also includes most of the CIS countries, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Slovakia and Romania.
The fastest growth in tourist arrivals (7 percent) was recorded in the Asia-Pacific region, followed by Africa (6 percent) and North America and South America (5 percent). The number of international tourist arrivals in Europe, the world's most visited region, increased by 3 percent. The Middle East, which has seen a 5 percent decrease in international tourist arrivals, has so far failed to overcome the negative trends associated with political and military instability in the region.
According to the UN World Tourism Organization, in the Russian Federation the growth in the number of arrivals of foreign citizens in 2010 amounted to 4.4 percent, in 2011 - 11.9 percent, in 2012 - 13 percent. At the same time, the volume of receipts from tourism, respectively, in 2010 amounted to 8.83 billion US dollars, in 2011 - 11.328 billion US dollars and in 2012 - 10.759 billion US dollars. The decline in income in 2012 compared to 2011, with a clear increase in tourist flow, is a dangerous factor that indicates that the country's economy is not using the favorable trends effectively enough.
Data from the UN World Tourism Organization shows that tourists have a clear preference for itineraries within their own region, with 4 out of 5 tourist arrivals in the world occurring within the same region. More than half of the arrivals (52 percent) were made for the purpose of recreation and leisure, about 14 percent for business and professional purposes, 27 percent for other purposes, including visiting friends and relatives, for religious reasons, in pilgrimage purposes, health promotion and treatment, etc.
Air transport is growing in importance for tourism travel (52 percent of international arrivals) and the car or bus as a land mode of transport used for travel (40 percent of land arrivals).
The Russian Federation is a country that has shown an impressive increase in citizens' spending on tourism abroad in recent years (by 30 percent in 2012). While the growth in spending by traditional tourism sources can be described as moderate and slow (US 7 percent, Germany and Canada 6 percent, UK 4 percent, Australia 3 percent and Japan 2 percent), France and Italy showed a decline in international tourism spending. . All this speaks of increased price competition in the international tourism market and the upcoming reorientation to other sources of consumer demand.
According to the UN World Tourism Organization, the number of international tourist arrivals in the first half of 2013 increased by 5 percent compared to the same period in 2012 and reached nearly 500 million tourist arrivals. This figure exceeded the forecast at the beginning of the year (growth of 3 - 4 percent). The strongest growth in this indicator in 2013 is projected in the Asia-Pacific region (5-6 percent), Africa (4-6 percent), North America and South America (3-4 percent), Europe (2-3 percent) and Middle East (up to 5 percent).
Outbound markets in emerging economies continue to drive growth in international tourism. In the first half of 2013, China and Russia were the leaders in terms of growth in tourism spending among the 10 largest donors of tourist flow in the world. Of the countries outside the top ten, Brazil rebounded, up 15 percent after a more moderate performance in 2012.
Canada and France, the United States of America, Germany and the United Kingdom, as well as Japan, Australia and Italy were the leaders in terms of tourism spending.
The Strategy takes into account the main opportunities and threats for the development of inbound and domestic tourism in the Russian Federation. The positive trends in the development of international tourism for Russia are the following:
The Russian Federation has been demonstrating high rates of growth in the incoming flow in recent years and is among the top ten in the reception of foreign citizens;
In the short term, growth in tourist arrivals will continue, although at a slower pace;
The growth forecast for tourist spending shows that, despite the unfavorable economic situation in a number of countries, tourists do not reduce the level of their spending and this trend will continue in the next decade;
The largest growth in outbound activity is shown by the countries of the Asia-Pacific region neighboring the Russian Federation, at the same time, the developed countries of Western Europe remain the main donors of the tourist flow;
As a result of the growth of political instability in the world, many countries of the Middle East are no longer an attractive tourist destination, including for Russians;
The number of tourist trips of residents from countries with an unstable political situation is growing, which creates an opportunity to strengthen the competitiveness of the Russian tourism product in the domestic and international tourism markets;
There is a growing interest in cultural, educational and nature-oriented tourism in the world, which makes the Russian Federation the most attractive tourist destination for Russian and foreign tourists;
Tourism has become an essential need of modern man, from which the experienced traveler cannot refuse even as a result of the influence of economic or political threats.
At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the following negative trends for the Russian Federation in the development of international tourism:
The Russian Federation is one of the largest donors of the tourist flow in the world;
despite the double-digit growth rate of the entry of foreigners into the Russian Federation, domestic economy cannot effectively use the favorable trend and earns from tourism almost 5 times less than other countries with similar growth rates of inbound tourist flow;
international event events that attract inbound tourist flow to the Russian Federation do not fully fulfill the task of attracting Russian tourists and maximizing the economic effect of their holding;
threats to the safety of tourists in the areas of mass tourism that have become traditional for Russians as a result of the action of political, man-made and natural environmental factors are increasing;
Growing competition in the field of international tourism makes the tourism industry low-profit, and the domestic tourism product of the Russian Federation is uncompetitive in terms of price.
In addition, it should be noted that the ongoing process of world globalization and the simplification of visa formalities for Russian citizens removes administrative barriers that provide partly artificial competitiveness of the domestic tourism product in the domestic market. Russians are accustomed to traveling the world and highly appreciate the level of service, they are ready to spend a lot of money on holidays and are sophisticated and demanding tourists. This dictates the need to modernize the material and technical base, use advanced innovative technologies in the field of tourism and adapt the tourist product according to the needs of modern Russian and foreign consumers. All these trends should be taken into account when developing plans for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation.
III. The current state of the tourism sector in the Russian Federation
The study of the current state of tourism in the Russian Federation allows us to draw conclusions about the positive dynamics in the development of this area. There is an increase in domestic and inbound tourist flow. For example, the expenditures of the Russian Federation on international tourism in 2011 amounted to 32.9 billion US dollars, in 2012 - 42.8 billion US dollars.
In total, Russians made 47,813 thousand trips abroad in 2012, which is 9.3 percent more than in 2011. For the purpose of tourism, Russians went abroad 15,332.1 thousand times, an increase of only 5.8 percent.
The main reasons for such indicators can be considered a reduction in the number of offers of low-budget tours, the tension in the international political situation and a series of high-profile scandals with the ruin of large tour operators.
The composition of the 10 most popular departure destinations for Russians has remained unchanged for the past 5 years. The rating is still headed by Turkey (2516.1 thousand tourist arrivals from Russia in 2012). The dynamics of the tourist flow from Russia to this country is deteriorating every year. In 2010, the growth of inbound tourist flow was 20.5 percent, in 2011 - 13.3 percent, and in 2012 the entry to Turkey decreased by 6.2 percent. The main reason is the rise in prices and the fact that this direction is less and less surprising for Russian tourists with the novelty of impressions. Today, Greece and Spain compete most intensely for the tourist flow from Russia. Egypt is traditionally the second most popular destination among Russian tourists. At the end of 2012, the flow of Russian tourists to Egypt amounted to 1906.6 thousand trips, which is 31.2 percent more than in 2011, when as a result of political upheavals this direction lost 34 percent of the tourist flow from Russia. However, renewed unrest in 2013 significantly reduces the number of Russians willing to go to this country on vacation. The loss of the traditional budget holiday destination for Russians in Egypt has increased the power of the tourist flow to Turkey, despite rising prices.
Tunisia has been actively restoring the tourist flow for several years, but has also suffered as a result of political instability. Japan in 2012 managed to return the Russian tourist flow. After the tragic events in March 2011, entry into this country from Russia fell by 50 percent. In 2012, Russians made almost 25 thousand trips to Japan, which is slightly less than in 2010, an increase of 89 percent.
The tourist flow to Thailand has grown (4th place in popularity among Russian tourists). Spain also showed positive changes, including due to a loyal visa policy, Germany (an increase of 1.5 percent), Greece (12.7 percent), the United Arab Emirates (39.2 percent), Italy (at the level of 2011). Traditionally, Russians actively visit Finland and the Baltic states.
In the Russian market, according to Rosstat, in 2012 there are 10,773 travel companies, of which 4,685 companies are in the unified federal register of tour operators. Most tour operators (59 percent) operate in the international outbound tourism segment, 40 percent in the domestic market, and a little over 12 percent in the international inbound direction.
The largest increase in the rate of entry into Russia for tourism purposes in 2012 was shown by China. In connection with the holding of the Year of Russian Tourism in the People's Republic of China and the Year of Chinese Tourism in the Russian Federation, the growth of the tourist flow from China amounted to 47 percent. It is necessary to note the increase in the entry of Turkish citizens by 25 percent as a response to the simplification of visa formalities. The countries of Western Europe - France, Germany and Great Britain show a moderate increase in the number of tourist arrivals at the level of 5 - 8 percent. Members of the European Union affected by the economic crisis have significantly reduced tourist travel. Thus, Spain shows a decline in the tourist flow by 30 percent, Italy - by 5 percent, Greece - by 15 percent and Cyprus - by 47 percent. The tourist flow from the countries of Northern Europe also decreased. Japan, on the other hand, demonstrates a significant increase in the tourist flow to Russia (18 percent, or 44.67 thousand arrivals).
The abolition of visas for tourists from Thailand and Turkey has had positive results. If earlier Turkish citizens traveled to Russia mainly as part of corporate groups, now the number of individual weekend trips in the cities is growing. Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kazan for various cultural events. Such an inflow is characterized by low seasonal differentiation of indicators, that is, guests come throughout the year, which is important for evenly loading tourist infrastructure enterprises.
Also, the increase in the tourist flow can be attributed to the merits of the active and competent promotion of Russia as a tourist destination in international markets, including at the world's largest exhibitions.
Russian host tour operators, however, experience significant problems in servicing foreign tourists. The most common complaint is the high domestic prices. For many Europeans, Russia today is too expensive a destination, and such prices do not stop tourists from developing countries and countries in the Pacific region. This is also facilitated by the high degree of stratification of the population of these countries in terms of income. Those tourists who decide to go to see Europe, as well as visit Russia or the Baltic countries along the way, are ready to pay for tourist services.
Unfortunately, high domestic prices are in many ways an obstacle to the growth in the number of Russians themselves traveling within the country. In many ways, the high cost of traveling in Russia is associated with the high cost of transport services. At the same time, the cost of travel by rail is equal to or even exceeds the cost of a flight on domestic airlines.
Another problem of inbound tourism is the insufficiently comfortable tourist information environment, this concerns the signs of tourist navigation, the lack and fragmentation of information resources about the tourist programs of the regions of Russia, the inconvenient work schedule of many tourist display facilities (availability of sanitary days, short working hours, inconsistency with the prevailing rhythm of the arrival of foreign citizens with tourist purposes on the days of the week), the impossibility of pre-booking and buying tickets to museums through the information and telecommunication network "Internet".
The third most frequently cited problem in the growth of inbound tourism is the lack of affordable hotels and similar accommodations.
Stimulation of the development of tourism infrastructure at the regional level is carried out within the framework of the federal target program "Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation (2011 - 2018)", approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 2, 2011 N 644 "On the federal target program "Development domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation (2011 - 2018)".
As for the geography of inbound tourism, the undisputed leaders are the traditional tourist centers, such as the cities. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan and the cities of the Golden Ring. Also, foreign tourists are very interested in the natural attractions of Baikal, Siberia and the Far East, however, in this region, high transport tariffs and the duration of the entire tourist program also have a negative impact, which also leads to an increase in the cost of the tour.
In addition, it is necessary to note the positive impact on the development of tourism in the Russian Federation of such major sporting events as the XXII Olympic Winter Games and the XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi, the XXVII World Summer Universiade 2013 in Kazan. Russia will have to host no less significant events - the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, the 2018 FIFA World Cup and the XXIX World Winter Universiade 2019 in Krasnoyarsk. Event tourism allows not only to strengthen the image of the country in the international arena as an open and hospitable state, but also creates an impetus for the development of tourism infrastructure, which will serve for many years, attracting new tourist flows to the region.
As of the end of 2012, there are 1,250 sanatoriums and boarding houses in Russia with a total capacity of 342,000 beds. The number of hotels and similar accommodation facilities in the country in 2012 increased by 10.8 percent and amounted to 9316 units with a total capacity of 617.8 thousand beds. The length of public roads with hard surface increased from 728 thousand km in 2011 to 928 thousand km in 2012. The turnover of public catering enterprises is growing annually by about 6 percent, in 2012 it reached 1019.3 billion rubles.
All cultural institutions show positive dynamics. In total, there are 2,631 museums in the Russian Federation, including 108 reserve museums (as of 2011). Museum visits, which dropped sharply in 2009, are increasing at a moderate rate of about 4 per cent annually. It should be noted that the growth rates and absolute indicators of individual visits to museums exceed those of the number of tourists from excursion groups. This suggests that museums should largely focus on individual visitors, developing the interactive component of the exposition. On the other hand, this shows the potential for growth in excursion services.
It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that significant changes are also taking place with the characteristics of consumers of enterprises in the field of culture and tourism services in general. The needs of the target audience of cultural and tourism institutions have changed significantly, and the target audience itself has increased in volume due to the expansion of such parameters as age, professional status and place of residence. The cultural and educational level of the target audience has increased, the vast majority of which are active Internet users. Moreover, close attention should be paid to a significant decrease in the age of representatives of the target audience with a sharp increase in their level of education and mobility.
It is necessary to provide potential Russian and foreign tourists with the opportunity to consume tourism services in a convenient, dynamic and modern information environment, including:
Create conditions for centralization and unification of information resources of the information and telecommunication network "Internet" for searching for tours in Russia;
provide a transparent system for assessing the quality of the offered tourist services, including through a classification system and mandatory certification;
provide the possibility of partial acquaintance with the exposition of museums, sights, the natural world, tourist routes online (visualization technologies, virtual tours, videos, photographic materials);
create conditions for advance booking and payment for all types of tourist services by individual tourists and organizations;
provide all the necessary information for amateur tourists - transport schedules, maps, guides, rules of conduct, opening hours of tourist facilities, etc.
The number of visits to specially protected natural areas of federal significance, including the most valuable natural complexes and objects in the Russian Federation, is increasing every year. The basis of the federal system of specially protected natural areas is 102 state nature reserves, 47 national parks and 69 state nature reserves of federal significance.
One of the main tasks of specially protected natural areas is the development of educational tourism. According to the Concept for the development of the system of specially protected natural areas of federal significance for the period up to 2020, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 22, 2011 N 2322-r, educational tourism is defined as one of the special types of ecological tourism, the main purpose of which is to familiarize with natural and cultural attractions.
In order to develop educational (ecological) tourism in specially protected natural areas in accordance with the Concept for the development of a system of specially protected natural areas of federal significance for the period up to 2020, the following is carried out:
Development of complexes of excursion programs for various categories of visitors, including the organization of demonstrations of wild animals in their natural environment;
arrangement of ecological trails and tourist routes, viewing platforms and places for observing wild animals;
creation and modernization of museums and information centers for visitors;
assessment of maximum allowable loads and determination of ways to minimize the negative impact of tourism development on natural ecological systems is carried out.
Possessing unique display objects, both natural and cultural-historical, specially protected natural areas can become the basis for the formation of large tourist centers. At the same time, taking into account world experience, the relevant tourist infrastructure (hotel complexes, etc.) should mainly be located in areas adjacent to specially protected natural areas that are not burdened with restrictions associated with the special protection regime.
An analysis of the current state and strategic directions for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation should be carried out taking into account regional differences in the degree of provision with tourist resources and the structure of the economy of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The generalized result of the analysis is given by federal districts.
The Central Federal District is the center of cultural, educational and business tourism of the country. A number of subjects of the Russian Federation, which are part of the district, have ample opportunities for the development of rural and ecological tourism.
The infrastructure of the Central Federal District can be described as highly developed, which includes almost the entire range of services provided in the tourism industry. Historical and cultural features of some regions of the north-eastern part of the district determine the high rates of tourism development and contribute to the active growth of the hotel real estate market and shopping and entertainment infrastructure. As part of the "Golden Ring of Russia" project, hotels are being actively built and reconstructed in the northeast of the Central Federal District. However, despite this, the Central Federal District is experiencing a shortage of hotels and other objects of the tourist and recreational complex of various classes. As of the end of 2012, there were 1,588 hotels and similar accommodation facilities operating in the Okrug (17 percent of the total in the Russian Federation), in which 23.4 million overnight stays were made in 2012 (more than 30 percent of this indicator in the Russian Federation).
In addition to cultural and educational tourism, the most promising for development in the Central Federal District is business, pilgrimage, event, cruise and yachting, ecological, rural and active tourism.
The main regions for visiting with cultural and educational purposes are Moscow, Vladimir, Kostroma, Moscow, Tver, Tula and Yaroslavl regions. And one of the most popular inter-regional tourist excursion routes through the ancient historical cities is the Golden Ring of Russia. Tours and excursions along the Golden Ring of Russia are in demand at any time of the year, and the sights of historical cities included in this route are of constant interest.
Pilgrimage tourism is actively developing. Popular routes to Orthodox monasteries in Vladimir, Voronezh, Kaluga, Kostroma, Moscow, Ryazan, Tver, Yaroslavl and Smolensk regions.
Among the events that attract tourists to the Central Federal District, it is necessary to note the Moscow International Film Festival, various ethnic holidays, as well as major international sports competitions (the Kremlin Cup in tennis, hockey tournaments and football matches).
Cruise tourism is developed in Moscow, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Moscow and Yaroslavl regions. However, this type of tourism is highly seasonal (from May to October).
Interest in water activities in Russia is constantly growing, more and more people are interested in boats and yachts. Many regattas and single races are held annually for ships of various classes. In the Central Federal District, the most popular reservoirs for yachting are the Klyazminskoye, Pestovskoye, Pyalovskoye, Ivankovskoye, Rybinskoye and Gorky reservoirs, as well as the Moskva River. There are many yacht clubs in the Moscow region, mainly on reservoirs connected by the Moscow Canal. 80 percent of yachting is concentrated here, the further development of which is beginning to be constrained by the small size of reservoirs and the congestion of waterways.
Alpine tourism for beginner skiers is actively developing in the Central Federal District, as well as rural tourism in some subjects of the Russian Federation (Vladimir, Ivanovo, Moscow, Tver, Tula and Yaroslavl regions).
On the territory of the Central Federal District there are 12 state nature reserves, 7 national parks and 9 state nature reserves of federal significance, which ensure the conservation of biological diversity and have significant potential in the development of eco-tourism. The development of their infrastructure (development of ecological trails and routes, museums and visitor centers) will contribute to the creation of new tourist routes in the region.
The potential of the Central Federal District for the development of tourism is huge, at the same time, there are a number of constraints, including a high degree of depreciation of the tourist infrastructure. The solution of a significant part of the existing problems is possible within the framework of the implementation of large investment projects in the tourism and recreation sector, aimed at improving the transport and communal infrastructure, the formation of personnel and information policies, and the development of mechanisms to stimulate entrepreneurial activity in the tourism sector.
At the same time, each subject of the Russian Federation has its own points of tourism growth. Thus, the development of the tourism sector of the economy of the Belgorod region has great prospects. An interregional tourist cluster is being formed in the Belgorod region, within which cooperation between tourist organizations, educational institutions, regional business support funds and other organizations is developing. Work is underway on projects financed from the budget of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and the municipal budget, these include the creation of a tourist and recreational complex on the basis of the architectural monument "Manor Complex of the Palace Type of the Princes Yusupovs", the tourist and recreational cluster "Keys" and the combined recreational zone "Zoo Yaruga zone.
The geographical position of the Bryansk region will contribute to the further development of international border tourism. The tourist potential of the Bryansk region is the construction of memorial complexes located in places of military glory, as well as a wide museum network. Since 2014, it is planned to create a tourist and recreational cluster "Champs Elysees".
The sphere of tourism and recreation is one of the most important competitive advantages of the Vladimir region. The development of the regional tourist brand "Small Golden Ring of Russia" continues.
The main direction of development of the tourist and recreational potential of the Voronezh region should be domestic tourism and recreation. Additional areas can be event, business, health resort, educational, medical and family tourism. The Voronezh Region is working to improve the tourist infrastructure at several large construction sites at once with the attraction of private investment, including the construction of hotels of various classes of service, including those belonging to international hotel chains, the construction of multifunctional road service zones located on the section of the M-4 "Don" highway in the Voronezh region. In the Voronezh State Natural Biosphere Reserve in 2014-2015, the equipment of interactive museum and exhibition expositions is being completed, including an interactive children's center dedicated to the beaver, and the unique Life Behind Glass project, which will allow real-time monitoring of the movement of beavers in huts , including underwater.
In the Ivanovo region, since 2011, a project has been implemented to create a tourist and recreational cluster "Plyos", and it is also planned to develop a system of sports and health tourism, including the construction of tourist bases with sports infrastructure for inexpensive family vacations. In addition, the Ivanovo region is actively developing cruise tourism, so most investments are made in the creation of objects related to such tourism and interesting for visitors to the region.
The tourist and recreational cluster "Nikola-Lenivets" is being implemented in the Kaluga region. Objects of health-improving, cultural and educational purposes in the field of tourism in the Kaluga region contribute to the formation of additional tourist flows. On the territory of the national park "Ugra" there are military-memorial and sightseeing-educational tourist routes.
On the territory of the Kostroma region, an investment project is being implemented to create a tourist and recreational cluster "A storehouse of the Kostroma land". The project of the tourist complex "Romanov Ples" is under construction. A project for planning and creating a tourist infrastructure for the Sumarokovskaya moose farm has been developed. The implementation of a major project for the creation of a cultural and exhibition complex located in the center of Kostroma, the Museum Compound, has begun.
The central position of the Kursk region in the European part of Russia makes it possible to use its territory for transit tourism, including car tourism. The main directions of development of the tourist and recreational industry in the Kursk region are the development of the tourism business infrastructure, as well as the creation and promotion of an integral brand of the Kursk region.
Since 2011, the Lipetsk Region has been implementing investment projects - the Yelets tourist and recreational cluster and the Zadonshchina autotourist cluster. In the special economic zone in the city of Zadonsk, the construction of a cultural and entertainment center has begun, work continues on the construction of a cottage-hotel and health-improving complexes.
The main center of culture and tourism of the Central Federal District is Moscow.
In the Moscow region, the formation of tourist and recreational centers and resort areas continues. New tourist and recreational service centers are being developed in the peripheral parts of the Moscow region, mainly in the western and northern sectors.
One of the main tasks of tourism development in the Oryol region is the formation of a modern marketing strategy for promoting the existing tourism product in the domestic and international markets. The development of tourism in the Orel region will be facilitated by the celebration in 2016 of the 450th anniversary of the founding of the city of Orel. In preparation for the celebration of the anniversary of the city, it is planned to carry out a complex of works on the reconstruction, restoration and restoration of historical and cultural heritage sites. On the territory of the Oryol region, 19 investment sites have been allocated for the construction of hotel and entertainment complexes ("Noble Nest", "Recreation in the Russian style", "Chernechik", "Orlovskoye Polesie", "Park-Estate of V.N. Khitrovo", "Farm Panino ") and the creation of other tourist service areas. Such an active investment policy of the administration will increase the tourist attractiveness of the region for local residents and the population of neighboring regions and reduce the shortage of accommodation places.
Since 2011, the Ryazan region has been implementing the investment project "Creation of the Ryazansky tourist and recreational cluster". In December 2012, the opening of the first object of the Ryazansky tourist and recreational cluster was held as part of the Okskaya Zhemchuzhina hotel and entertainment complex - the year-round water park "Gorki" , and in 2013 - the park-hotel "Bereg" for 100 rooms. The cluster also included projects for the construction of the entrance zone of the museum-reserve of S.A. Yesenin and the tourist complex "Fishing Village". Significant potential for the development of tourism in the Ryazan region has river tourism along the Oka River.Another promising direction for the development of tourism in the region is business tourism.
The Smolensk region has a significant tourist and recreational potential. Particularly attractive for the development of tourism are the natural objects of the region, including the national park "Smolenskoye Poozerye", event-based historical tourism is also promising. The region is implementing a project to create a multifunctional tourist and recreational complex "Vazuza and Yauza Park". The multifunctional tourist and recreational complex will have a wide range of services for the development of sports, health, business and ecological tourism.
The natural diversity and relatively favorable ecological situation in the Tambov region, especially in rural areas, contribute to the favorable development of the production of organic food and ecological tourism.
One of the main tourist sites of Central Russia is located in the Tver region - the source of the Volga River and Lake Seliger, the Central Forest State Natural Biosphere Reserve with a unique animal and flora, natural karst caves in the western part of the region. The Tver region is implementing several major investment projects that combine orientation towards various types of tourism. Creation of tourist clusters "Zavidovo" and "Tver Marina" will contribute to the integrated development of the territory on the banks of the Volga River and the creation of active recreation areas. Since 2014, it is planned to create a tourist and recreational cluster "Verkhnevolzhsky" in the Tver region.
The development of the infrastructure of the museum-reserves of federal significance "Yasnaya Polyana", "Polenovo" and "Kulikovo field" in the Tula region will contribute to the creation of new tourist routes for the development of cultural and educational tourism. In addition, several large investment projects are planned in the Tula region at once. Among them are the hotel and tourist complex "Karusel" and the tourist and recreational complex "Velegozh", the recreational park with an ecological orientation "Dancing Green".
In 2014, it is planned to implement a major investment project - the creation of a tourist and recreational complex "Yaroslavl Seaside". In addition, one of the areas for the development of tourism in the Yaroslavl region is business and congress tourism.
The result of the implementation of these tourism development measures will be the creation of a modern, technically equipped tourism industry capable of meeting the needs of both Russian and foreign citizens. The integrated development of the planned directions will lead to the strengthening of the material base of tourism, ensuring the comfort of accommodation facilities and expanding the variety of tourist routes.
In the Strategy for the Socio-Economic Development of the Central Federal District for the period up to 2020, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 6, 2011 N 1540-r, tourism is given a significant place, in particular, it is planned to form modern tourist and recreational clusters that meet international requirements for the level of infrastructure, material and technical base, service and ensuring the satisfaction of the needs for a variety of tourist services. It is envisaged to create a modern system of personnel training for the tourism business and related industries.
The Northwestern Federal District has extensive recreational resources, a rich cultural heritage and favorable opportunities for the development of the tourism industry, in particular inbound and domestic tourism. An important role in the development of the industry is played by the system of its normative regulation. So, in March 2009, for foreign citizens arriving for tourist purposes on passenger ferries, a visa-free regime for entry and stay in our country for up to 72 hours was established. The number of ports through which visa-free entry is allowed includes the Big Port of St. Petersburg, the ports of Kaliningrad and Vyborg. The spread of the practice of short-term entry of tourists into the territory of the Russian Federation for passengers of the airports of the district will also contribute to the growth of inbound tourism in the Northwestern Federal District.
The district has a favorable geographical location, has access to several seas. There is a possibility of implementing joint projects with neighboring European countries as part of the promotion of macro-regional tourism products.
The district has a variety of natural features (forest, river and lake systems, unique landscapes and natural monuments, wildlife and fish resources) and phenomena (white nights), socio-cultural and historical objects.
There are 12 state nature reserves, 11 national parks and 10 state nature reserves of federal importance on the territory of the North-Western Federal District, which have unique resources for the development of cultural, educational and ecological tourism. The Kenozersky (Arkhangelsk region) and Vodlozersky (Republic of Karelia and Arkhangelsk region) national parks have the greatest potential in attracting tourists. They preserve natural and cultural heritage sites, trades and crafts, and folk traditions. The national parks "Paanajärvi" (Republic of Karelia) and "Yugyd va" (Republic of Komi), the reserve "Polistovsky" (Pskov region) represent a wide network of routes through untouched natural areas. The Pechoro-Ilychsky biosphere reserve with the unique Manpupuper Plateau, the Russian Arctic National Park and the Franz Josef Land federal reserve provide ample opportunities for the development of ecological and cruise tourism in the Arctic.
Availability of qualified personnel and educational institutions of tourism orientation in the years. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Novgorod, Pskov and Petrozavodsk is also a factor contributing to the development of tourism.
The development of tourism in the regions of the Northwestern Federal District based on historical, cultural and natural attractions is a potentially large source of income for the regions, can accelerate their economic development and significantly improve the socio-economic situation in them. This is indicated by the Strategy for the Socio-Economic Development of the North-Western Federal District for the period up to 2020, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 18, 2011 N 2074-r.
At the present stage, the main efforts for the development of tourism are focused on the completion of the construction of the Sea Passenger Port of St. Petersburg ("Marine Façade"), the creation of tourist infrastructure facilities, including the tourist and recreational cluster "Pskov" (Pskov region) and the tourist and recreational cluster " Nason-gorod" (Vologda region), Finno-Ugric ethno-cultural park in the Komi Republic, special economic zone of tourist and recreational type "Russian Lapland" in the Murmansk region, implementation of projects for the preservation and use of cultural heritage, including, among other things, the Pokrovskaya tower of the Pskov Kremlin and the Museum Quarter (Pskov Region), Mon Repos Park and the House of the Stationmaster (Leningrad Region), Rurik's Settlement and the White Tower (Novgorod Region), as well as the development of the project "Veliky Ustyug - the birthplace of Father Frost" (Vologda Region), the creation of recreational cluster "Staraya Ladoga" (Leningrad region).
It is planned to create tourist and recreational clusters in the Kaliningrad region and the tourist and recreational cluster "Ustyany" in the Arkhangelsk region.
The efforts of the executive authorities of the subjects of the North-Western Federal District in the field of tourism and tourist organizations located on the territory of the district are also aimed at the active formation of interregional tourism programs of several regions and joint international tourism programs with neighboring states of Europe.
The Southern Federal District ranks first in terms of the scale, level and pace of development of the sanatorium and tourism sectors. The emerging sports and recreational, transport and infrastructure Sochi Olympic Complex in recent years has become a catalyst for the socio-economic development of the Krasnodar Territory and the entire Southern Federal District. At the same time, there is a significant regional heterogeneity of the Southern Federal District, which is objectively divided into 2 parts (Azov-Black Sea and Volga-Caspian). The Azov-Chernomorsky region of the Southern Federal District, which includes the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Adygea and the Rostov Region, is distinguished by the most favorable natural and climatic conditions and increased attractiveness for tourists.
The wealth, diversity and attractiveness of recreational resources, significant natural and climatic, historical and socio-cultural assets determine in the future the outstripping growth of the tourist and recreational business and its transformation into one of the basic branches of specialization of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the Southern Federal District. The development of tourism is constrained by a number of system-wide problems common to the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Specific problems include the lack of energy in most regions and interruptions in water supply during the peak load period, which causes infrastructural restrictions on the sustainable growth of the tourist and recreational complex of the Southern Federal District.
The leading regions of tourist and recreational activity in the Southern Federal District, as a rule, specialize exclusively in beach holidays. Russian tourists are traditionally considered as the main group of consumers of the offered tourist services. It is noted that there are such growing constraints as an increase in spatial asymmetry in the development of tourism between certain territories and regions (in particular, about 50 percent of all hotel rooms and more than 65 percent of rooms in sanatorium and resort organizations are concentrated in the Krasnodar Territory), high seasonality of demand for tourist services.
The connection of the ports of the Azov-Black Sea basin to the Mediterranean cruise routes could become promising for the Southern Federal District.
The diversification of the tourism business, including the development of new exclusive routes and tourism products under world-recognized brands, can also give a positive impetus to the development of tourism (the territory of the historical reconstruction "Saray-Batu - the capital of the Golden Horde", the territory of ecological, cultural and educational tourism "Fish Park period" and the zone of medical and health tourism on the territory of Lake Baskunchak in the Astrakhan region) and targeted personal tours focused on highly profitable segments of the potential market of Western Europe and China.
After the XXII Olympic Winter Games and the XI Paralympic Winter Games in 2014 in Sochi, the Southern Federal District inherited a significant number of sports, tourist and hotel facilities and facilities, which ensured its compliance with the world standards of mountain climatic resorts. The Southern Federal District also has significant resources for the development of balneology. This resource is currently underused. The hotel fund being created in combination with natural areas can provide an opportunity for year-round treatment and will serve as one of the factors for leveling the seasonal fluctuation in the flow of tourists.
The Strategy for the Socio-Economic Development of the Southern Federal District for the period up to 2020, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 5, 2011 N 1538-r, provides for the active development of such tourist clusters as beach tourism (the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, the Caspian Sea) , mountain tourism (Krasnaya Polyana, Lagonaki); health tourism (Hot Key, Lake Elton), ecological tourism (Volga Delta, Maykop), cultural tourism (Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Volgograd, Tuapse, Sochi, Maikop, Elista and other ethnographic zones in the Republic of Kalmykia).
In the Republic of Adygea, the construction of the tourist and recreational complex "Khadzhokh" and the St. Michael's tourist sports and recreation complex is underway.
In the Republic of Kalmykia, design estimates are being developed for such investment projects as the creation of the visitor center "Natural Park", the construction of the tourist complex "Tourist and recreational balneological complex", the creation of the agro-ecological site "Oirat Stan".
The Astrakhan region is working on projects in the field of tourism infrastructure development (tourist and recreational cluster "Astrakhansky", cultural and educational tourism projects "Saray-Batu - the capital of the Golden Horde", the project of ecological and cultural and educational tourism "Park of the Fish Period" in the Volodarsky district ) and the creation of autotourist clusters in the Narimanov district.
The North Caucasian Federal District has favorable conditions for the development of tourism and the health resort sector. However, the natural advantages have not been fully realized so far, since the Okrug still does not have investment attractiveness due to the instability of the economic and socio-political situation.
Some subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District are among the least economically developed subjects of the Russian Federation due to the low level of economic and social development.
Many monuments and objects of cultural and historical heritage are in need of restoration (the State Museum-Reserve of M.Yu. Lermontov, the archaeological and natural museum-reserve "Tatar Settlement" in the Stavropol Territory, the historical and architectural complex Dargavs in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, tower complexes IX - XVIII centuries in the Republic of Ingushetia, the Naryn-Kala Museum-Reserve in the Republic of Dagestan and many other objects).
The uniqueness and diversity of the natural and climatic resources of the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District create favorable conditions for the development of the tourist and recreational complex.
In terms of temperature regime, the North Caucasian Federal District is one of the most attractive regions of the Russian Federation both in summer and in winter. About 50 percent of the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District is occupied by the mountain system of the Greater Caucasus. Mountain peaks are located here, including those with the highest elevation of 5642 meters (Mount Elbrus), which makes the North Caucasus Federal District a particularly promising platform for the development of high-mountain tourism.
On the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District there are 5 state reserves, 2 national parks, as well as 7 state reserves, which ensure the preservation of the rich biological diversity of the regions.
The length of the coast of the Caspian Sea on the territory of the Republic of Dagestan is 490 kilometers, which contributes to the development of beach tourism. The World Tourism Organization under the UN highly appreciates the potential of the Republic of Dagestan and highlights it among the most promising tourist destinations in the south of the Russian Federation.
In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District, medical and recreational, skiing, sports (extreme), business, environmental, cultural, educational, pilgrimage, rural, specialized (archaeological, equestrian, speleological, ethnographic) ) tourism, hunting and fishing tours are organized.
The composition of the specially protected ecological resort region Caucasian Mineralnye Vody, for which medical and health tourism is a specialized area, includes the cities. Georgievsk, Mineralnye Vody, Zheleznovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, Lermontov, as well as Mineralovodsky, Georgievsk and Predgorny districts of the Stavropol Territory, Zolsky district of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Malokarachaevsky and Prikubansky districts of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic.
Medical tourism is actively developing in the Republic of Dagestan, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic.
On the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District there are large ski resorts - Dombay (Karachay-Cherkess Republic), Elbrus region (Kabardino-Balkarian Republic), Tsey (Republic of North Ossetia - Alania).
Despite the presence of significant competitive advantages for the development of the tourism industry, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District are characterized by a weak level of development of the tourism industry. A small contribution of the tourism sector to the economy of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District is associated with an insufficient volume of tourist flow. The largest share of unorganized tourist flow and the minimum duration of stay of tourists, and, consequently, the low costs of tourists are typical for centers of skiing, sports and extreme tourism. The share of foreign tourists in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District is below the average Russian level.
The development of the tourist complex of the North Caucasus Federal District is constrained by the lack of high-quality tourism infrastructure and the low level of service, the low level of development of the transport network, the negative image of the North Caucasus Federal District, the insufficient level of security, the presence of a limited, regulated regime for visiting the territory of some constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of to the North Caucasian Federal District, for foreign citizens.
In the Republic of Dagestan, an exposition center is being built, the health-improving center Talgi sanatorium is being reconstructed, the satellite city Azure Coast is being built, and the all-season recreational complex Chinderchero is being expanded. All these measures are aimed at the development of beach tourism on the coast of the Caspian Sea.
In the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the construction of an all-season tourist and recreational complex "Arkhyz" is underway.
In the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, several large investment projects in the field of tourism are being implemented at once (construction of the Mamison mountain and recreational complex, development of the Digoria mountain and recreational complex, development of the Tsey resort, which is an integral part of the special economic zone of the tourist and recreational type ).
Investment projects of the Stavropol Territory are aimed at the overhaul and renovation of obsolete and dilapidated tourist infrastructure facilities in the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody region (the Kalinin sanatorium, the development of the entertainment industry of the Victory Park in Stavropol, the overhaul of the 30th anniversary of the Victory sanatorium, the construction and reconstruction of the buildings of the sanatorium " Rus", completion of the construction of the boarding house "Don-Plaza" in the city of Essentuki).
The priority direction of the tourism industry of the North Caucasus Federal District is health-improving and ski tourism, which stimulates the development of cultural, educational, business, environmental, sports, and ethnic tourism.
The Volga Federal District has a distinctive ethno-cultural composition of the population, characterized by ethnic, religious and linguistic diversity with a conflict-free and organic coexistence of different cultural traditions, which contributes to the development of cultural, educational, ethnic and pilgrimage tourism in the district.
Subjects of the Russian Federation included in the Volga Federal District are visited by about 2.5 million people annually.
The existing historical, cultural and national features, as well as the presence of a large number of recreational areas, contribute to attracting investors to the tourism sector.
In the Republic of Mari El, with the support of executive authorities in 2013-2015, it is planned to implement 15 investment projects in the field of tourism, which are financed from extrabudgetary sources (construction of the Chodyrayal ecotourism complex, Okolitsa, Sea Eye and Centaur", tourist and recreational center "Merchant's yard").
In the Chuvash Republic, starting from 2014, it is planned to implement a project to create a tourist and recreational cluster "Ethnic Chuvashia". This cluster includes two unique investment projects (creation of the tourist complex "Ethnic ecological settlement "Yasna" and creation of the ethnographic complex "Amazonia" on the territory of the Park of Culture and Leisure named after the 500th anniversary of the city of Cheboksary).
As part of attracting investors to the implementation of tourism projects in the Saratov region, passports were prepared for regional investment projects "Monk's Cave", "Development of the tourist infrastructure of the city of Volsk", "Reconstruction (construction) of a ski base and a complex for recreation and sports".
The implementation of major investment projects in the tourism and recreation sector is primarily aimed at creating a tourist route of all-Russian and international significance "The Great Volga". All subjects of the Russian Federation, through which the Volga and Kama rivers flow, will become participants in this project. Taking into account the fact that 13 state nature reserves, 9 national parks and 3 state nature reserves of federal significance are located on the territory of the Volga Federal District, the inclusion of specially protected natural areas located on the banks of the Volga and Kama rivers in the tourist route "Big Volga" will become an additional an incentive for the development of cruise tourism in the area.
Another area is the development of tourism and recreation based on the natural potential of the Ural Mountains with the concentration of the relevant infrastructure in the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Udmurt Republic and the Perm Territory, where complexes for winter (primarily skiing) and summer outdoor activities (rafting on mountain rivers, horseback riding, fishing and hunting).
The development of tourism in the Western Urals will be facilitated by the organization of rehabilitation and preventive treatment based on mineral waters, local therapeutic mud, mountain and forest coniferous air. National holidays, the preservation of handicrafts, the opportunity to get acquainted with the culture and life of several ethnic groups at once determine the prospects for the development of ethnographic, culinary and other types of educational tourism.
The Urals Federal District has a unique natural resource potential in terms of reserves and diversity, a developed industrial complex, and a developed transport and energy infrastructure. The modern economic structure of the Urals Federal District has a pronounced industrial and raw material orientation. This makes it possible to develop in the district such a unique and promising variety of cultural and educational tourism programs as industrial tourism.
In addition, there is potential for growth in various segments of the tourist services sector, since the Ural Federal District, which has a significant historical heritage and a wealth of natural complexes, can develop cruise, ethnographic tourism, as well as sports and recreational (summer, winter sports) and hunting types of tourism. The potential of ecological tourism is also significant, since there are 8 state nature reserves, 3 national parks and 7 state nature reserves of federal significance on the territory of the Ural Federal District, while the insufficient development of infrastructure and poor information and advertising support of the district hinder the active development of tourism.
Much is currently being done to develop tourism in the Urals Federal District. Investment projects of the Sverdlovsk region relate to the development of nature tourism. It is planned to create a tourist complex industrial landscape park "Demidov-Park" in Nizhny Tagil. Another project provides for the development of the tourist complex "Irbit: the wheel of history" on the territory of the municipality of the city of Irbit. The creation of a visitor center for receiving tourists on the territory of the natural park "Deer Streams" is under development. It is also planned to implement such projects as the creation of a tourist complex on the basis of the Alapaevsk narrow-gauge railway, the reconstruction of the historical and mineralogical route "Gemstone Strip of the Urals", the cultural, historical, tourist and recreational park "Stone Gates".
Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra in the field of tourism is implementing an investment project of the cultural and health center "Thermal Complex" Yugorskaya Dolina "in Khanty-Mansiysk.
The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is investing in the creation of a branch of the municipal budgetary educational institution of additional education for children "Tourism Development Center".
The Kurgan region is planning new construction, overhaul and reconstruction of the facilities of the branch of the unitary enterprise "Resorts of the Trans-Urals", the sanatorium "Ozero Medvezhie".
Thus, the Urals Federal District has prospects for the development of a wide range of tourism programs. In many respects, this can be facilitated by a reduction in tariffs for domestic aviation and rail communications within the territory of the Russian Federation.
The Siberian Federal District is a natural transport bridge between the countries of Western Europe, North America and East Asia. First of all, it is a land bridge, the backbone of which is the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Siberia has powerful recreational resources, which are represented by the unique natural complexes of Lake Baikal, Lake Teletskoye, numerous and diverse sources of mineral and thermal waters, reserves of therapeutic mud in the Republic of Altai, the Republic of Buryatia, the Republic of Tyva and the Republic of Khakassia, the Altai and Trans-Baikal Territories, forests, a developed hydrographic network, numerous monuments of history, archeology and material culture, picturesque landscapes, various species of animals and commercial fish, as well as areas with favorable and relatively favorable climatic conditions for recreational activities. On the territory of the Siberian Federal District there are 21 state natural reserves, 7 national parks and 18 state nature reserves of federal significance.
On the territory of the Republic of Altai, a special economic zone of the tourist and recreational type "Altai Valley" is being created, and the construction of the all-season sports and recreational sanatorium and tourist complex "Manzherok" is underway.
The competitive advantages of the socio-economic development of the Republic of Buryatia are the high ecological and tourist potential of the territory (Lake Baikal as an object of world natural and ecological heritage), as well as its border location.
A number of investment projects in the field of tourism infrastructure are being implemented on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia. Within the framework of the Opening Week of the Republican Year of Tourism, an interregional tourist project "Fairytale Sagaalgan in Buryatia - 2013" was implemented. Since 2011, 4 integrated investment projects have been implemented - the creation of a tourist and recreational cluster "Podlemorye", autotourist clusters "Kyakhta", "Baikal", "Tunkinskaya Valley". In addition, 8 zones of economic favored tourism and recreational type are being created in the Severo-Baikalsky, Tunkinsky, Zaigraevsky, Kabansky, Kyakhtinsky and Ivolginsky districts, cities. Ulan-Ude and Severobaikalsk. Projects are being implemented for the construction of the ethnographic complexes "Stepnoy nomad" and "Khotogor", a hotel complex in the city of Severobaikalsk.
The competitive advantages of the socio-economic development of the Altai Territory are the unique natural tourist, recreational and balneological potential, the border with the Republic of Kazakhstan, and a developed transport infrastructure. A large-scale investment project of the Altai Territory is the project "Integrated development of the Altai Priobye", which provides for the creation of a tourist and recreational complex in the Altai Territory - a special economic zone of the tourist and recreational type "Turquoise Katun" and transport infrastructure, including the reconstruction of airports in the cities. Gorno-Altaisk and Biysk, as well as 2 largest investment projects - the Belokurikha tourist and recreational cluster and the Golden Gate autotourist cluster.
Creation of educational tourism infrastructure on the territory of the Stolby State Nature Reserve in the Krasnoyarsk Territory contributes to the formation of comfortable conditions for the development of ecological tourism in the reserve for more than 200 thousand visitors annually.
The implementation of the projects of the Gremyachaya Griva sports and tourist zone, the Mirovichev Bor and Daurskaya recreational zones, and the tourist and recreational complex in the city of Yeniseisk will contribute to the creation of a competitive tourist and recreational cluster, a comfortable urban environment for visiting Yeniseisk by amateur tourists.
The Irkutsk region plans to create the Baikal tourist and recreational zone, which will be aimed at the development of health-improving, cultural, educational, adventure, business, ethnographic, religious, ecological and other types of tourism. In the Irkutsk region, a list of promising investment projects has been developed, the implementation of which is planned for the next 10 years (creation of a water tourism cluster on Lake Baikal, the Golden Sands recreation area, the ethnocultural tourist cluster of the Baikal region, the Orekhov Kamen health-improving ski complex, the implementation of the Siberian safari" and the construction of the zoological complex "Park of the Siberian period").
The most significant investment projects implemented in the Novosibirsk Region (construction of the year-round recreation center "Danilino Lake" in the Kyshtovsky district, the museum and tourist complex "Zavod-Suzun. Mint").
Conditions for visitors with disabilities have been created on the territory of the Baikal Biosphere Reserve (Republic of Buryatia). The construction of modern interactive museums and visitor centers of specially protected natural areas (reserve "Khakassky" (Republic of Khakassia), "Port Tankhoi" of the Baikal Biosphere Reserve (Republic of Buryatia), reserves "Sayano-Shushensky" and "Stolby" (Krasnoyarsk Territory) will contribute to raising awareness of the population about existing ecological routes and places of tourist display in the region.
In the city of Baikalsk, on the territory of the industrial site of the open joint-stock company "Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill" (after the completion of the procedures for eliminating the accumulated environmental damage), it is planned to create a modern museum and exhibition, information, educational and tourist complex (working name - theme park "Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill"). nature"). The creation of this complex will play a significant role in providing information and increasing the attractiveness of eco-tourism in the Russian Federation, creating a positive image of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of preserving natural and cultural heritage, and will also ensure the integration of the city of Baikalsk into the development of tourism services in the interests of social and economic development of the region.
The Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Far East and the Baikal region for the period up to 2025, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2009 N 2094-r, notes that, despite the severe natural -climatic conditions, which are characterized as very severe and even extreme, the territory of the Far East and the Baikal region is rich natural resources global importance. However, the tourist potential of the Far East and the Baikal region, due to objective and subjective reasons, is far from being fully used.
The main types of specialization of the tourist and recreational complex of the Far East and the Baikal region are cultural and educational, medical and recreational, ecological tourism and marine recreation. In the future, extreme, sports, adventure, expeditionary, fishing and other types of active recreation will be developed in this territory.
On the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District there are 25 state nature reserves, 6 national parks and 10 state nature reserves of federal significance, which have a richness and diversity of natural complexes, unique objects of animate and inanimate nature and are the basis for the development of ecological tourism in the region.
The state natural reserves "Kronotsky" and "Komandorsky" (Kamchatka Territory), "Wrangel Island" (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug), Sikhote-Alinsky and Far Eastern Marine (Primorsky Territory), national parks have the greatest potential for the development of ecological and cruise tourism in the region. Land of the Leopard" (Primorsky Territory), "Shantar Islands" and "Anyuysky" (Khabarovsk Territory), "Beringia" (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug).
The tourist market of the Far East and the Baikal region is the most important and integral part of the national market and an important component of the market of the Asia-Pacific region.
The problems of the development of inbound tourism are associated with the low level of development of tourism infrastructure, as well as with the lack of cross-border transport links (lack of infrastructure and appropriate routes, including aviation). The high cost of air tickets significantly limits the development of tourist exchange with the European part of the country. The main objectives of the development of the tourism industry in the Far East and the Baikal region are the creation of a competitive diversified tourism industry in this territory, based on several world-class resorts with a high level of service based on unique natural resources - Lake Baikal, the basin of the river. Amur, Primorye and Kamchatka, as well as the formation and promotion in the Russian Federation and the world of tourist and recreational brands of the Far East and the Baikal region.
It is planned to implement investment projects to create tourist-recreational and car-tourist clusters ("Jewish town" (Jewish Autonomous Region), "Orto-Doidu", "Lena Pillars" (Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), "Paratunka" (Kamchatka Territory), "Pidan ", "Ussuriysk-Mikhailovka", "Arseniev", "Shmakovskiy", "Nakhodka-Partizansk", "Khasansky" (Primorsky Territory), "Cruises on the Amur" (Khabarovsk Territory), "Little Venice", "Golden Mile", Albazinsky Ostrog (Amur Region), construction of a marine tourist club on the coast of Nagaevo Bay, construction of the Marchekan ski complex (Magadan Region), development of the Gorny Vozdukh sports and tourist complex, construction of a tourist complex with mineral springs on Iturup Island (Sakhalinskaya region), the development of the transboundary tourist cluster "Eastern Gates of Russia Zabaikalsk-Manchuria", the construction of the tourist and recreational complex "Russian Village" in the Zabaikalsky district (Zabaikalsky Krai j), a water tourist cluster on Lake Baikal, an autotourist cluster "Golden Sands", a tourist ethno-cultural cluster "Pribaikalye", a tourist complex "Park of the Siberian Period" (Irkutsk region).
The condition for the development of inbound tourism in the border region is the implementation of a set of measures, including:
Optimization of the operation of checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation;
development of the port economy and small aviation; creation of special economic zones of tourist and recreational type; stimulation of entrepreneurial activity in the field of tourism; development of social tourism;
creation of accommodation infrastructure and services focused on servicing transit tourist flows;
formation of a system for training personnel in the field of tourism on the basis of secondary specialized and higher educational institutions of the Far East and the Baikal region with special attention to the training of service personnel;
active advertising, information and image policy; taking measures to reduce the existing environmental burden on the environment.
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 21, 2014 N 168 "On the formation of the Crimean Federal District" formed the Crimean Federal District, which included 2 constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol. Due to its natural and climatic features, the Republic of Crimea is one of the most attractive places for recreation.
Currently, there are 825 collective sanatorium-and-spa organizations and hotels on the territory of the Republic of Crimea, of which 151 institutions provide specialized sanatorium-and-spa treatment, 316 facilities provide health-improving services, and the remaining 358 institutions provide temporary accommodation services. Thus, the number of Crimean health resorts involved in both treatment and rehabilitation is 467 facilities.
A distinctive feature of the territorial location of specialized sanatoriums is their concentration in the Yalta region. At the same time, the majority of children's sanatoriums are concentrated in the city of Evpatoria.
In the past few years, collective accommodation facilities have accommodated an average of 1.2 million people or 1,454 people per collective accommodation facility per year (121 people per month), which indicates that the available accommodation facilities are underutilized.
In addition, on the territory of the Republic of Crimea, there are 4.5 thousand households providing temporary accommodation services, and 14 thousand tenants (the private sector receives over 80 percent of the total tourist flow (4 million tourists a year), while the key problem of this sector is a high level of "shadowing" - private households are not subject to taxation, they are not subject to state statistical reporting, they are charged as private households in all utilities). Over the past 20 years, the problem of regulating the activities and taxation of the private sector of the Crimean tourism industry has not been resolved. To solve it, it is necessary to introduce a number of legal instruments (classification of accommodation facilities and the introduction of a tax patent for individual entrepreneurs without education). legal entity during the holiday season).
The total length of the beaches of the Republic of Crimea is 517 km. There are 560 beaches on the territory of the Republic of Crimea, of which 10 have received Blue Flag certificates from the Environmental Education Foundation, thereby confirming compliance with international requirements for safe and comfortable recreation.
In the Republic of Crimea, 208 tour operators carry out tourism activities. 1147 tourist escort specialists (tour guides and guide-interpreters) have been included in the register of tourist escort specialists. The database of excursion tours and routes developed by business entities includes about 200 routes.
In 10 regions of the Republic of Crimea, there are 21 tourist information centers (Kerch, Saki, Simferopol, Yalta, Sudak, Evpatoria and Feodosia regions, as well as Bakhchisaray, Chernomorsky and Leninsky regions), of which 11 are year-round.
The following types of tourism are developing in the Republic of Crimea:
Cultural and educational (in the Republic of Crimea there are 17 state museums, more than 300 public and departmental museums. About 800 thousand exhibits are stored in the funds of state museums alone);
eventful (more than 100 different festivals are held annually - music, wine, military, choreographic, theatrical, cinematographic, sports and folklore. Many of them have already become traditional for the Republic of Crimea - these are the festivals "War and Peace", "Kazantip", "Genoese Helmet ", "Theatre. Chekhov. Yalta", "The Great Russian Word", International TV Film Forum "Together");
pedestrian (in the mountain-forest zone of the Republic of Crimea there are 84 tourist camps, 39 places for mass recreation of the population, 284 tourist trails);
cycling (an extensive network of tourist trails and rural roads creates conditions for cycling. The most diverse for mountain biking is the southwestern part of the Republic of Crimea);
autotourism (on the territory of the Republic of Crimea there are more than 40 car camping sites, about 100 car parks and parking lots with a total number of places of more than 3.5 thousand, more than 250 gas stations, as well as more than 110 service stations and more than 210 roadside cafes);
underwater (local diving, dive cruises, training schools, children's camps with diving training);
equestrian (on the territory of the Republic of Crimea there are more than 20 equestrian clubs, which have developed one- and multi-day horse riding routes for tourists);
ethnographic (representatives of 115 nationalities live in the Republic of Crimea, 92 ethnographic objects are located, on the basis of which cultural and ethnographic routes have been developed);
rural (in the Republic of Crimea there are more than 80 objects of rural tourism);
sports (international competitions in hang gliding, hot air ballooning and others);
cruise (cruise ships in the Republic of Crimea can be received by 4 seaports located in the cities of Yalta, Sevastopol, Kerch and Evpatoria. In 2013, a record number of cruise ships entered the Republic of Crimea - 144, which is 45 percent more than the number of navigation ship calls in 2012 The number of tourists was 63,009 people compared to 62,984 in 2012. The traditional leader among the port cities of the Republic of Crimea is Yalta, in 2013, 108 ocean liners and 16 river-sea cruise ships were serviced.
At the moment, the main problems hindering the development of tourism in the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol are:
Political instability in Ukraine, which leads to the loss of tourist flow from the territory of Ukraine;
unsatisfactory condition of a number of objects of tourist infrastructure, beach equipment, their unsatisfactory sanitary condition;
the problem of transport accessibility of the Republic of Crimea by land and air transport, bypassing the territory of Ukraine.
It is necessary to ensure a painless and mutually beneficial integration of the tourism sector of the Crimean Federal District into the Russian professional tourism community, to minimize the losses and risks of the transition period, to create additional jobs and platforms for the application of entrepreneurial initiatives in the field of tourism and to promote tourism services provided by the Republic of Crimea, both domestically and internationally. markets.
Thus, it is possible to single out positive and negative trends in the development of the tourism services sector in the Russian Federation. The positive trends are:
Increasing the number of tourist infrastructure facilities of all categories, collective accommodation facilities and persons served in them;
increase in the number of places of recreation and objects of tourist display at the expense of the resorts of the Crimean Federal District;
the stable demand formed among Russians for tourist services and the growth of the income of the population, creating a positive background for attracting consumer demand for a product of the domestic tourism industry;
the presence in the country of potential domestic demand for cultural and educational tourism programs;
the presence and growth of demand for nature-oriented types of tourism (fishing, hunting, ecological, rural);
the growth of patriotic sentiments in the civil society of the Russian Federation, including among young people;
the presence of a significant network of cultural institutions and the tradition of early involvement of Russians in visiting them in the process of mastering programs of general, vocational and additional education;
the availability of labor resources in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to replace jobs in the tourism sector, including through the retraining of unemployed citizens;
the existing system of secondary vocational and higher education in the field of tourism, including in the leading educational institutions of the country;
the presence of positive experience in the application of program-target management mechanisms in the field of tourism;
installation on the innovative nature of the development of the Russian economy at the federal level.
The factors hindering the development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation include the following problems:
Insufficiently developed tourist infrastructure in most regions of the country, a small number of collective accommodation facilities of an economical and medium price category with a modern level of comfort;
underdevelopment of transport infrastructure (poor quality of roads and level of roadside services, unsatisfactory condition of airports and railway stations, etc.);
low quality and capacity of roads, ferries and other transport infrastructure facilities;
shortage and high degree of wear and tear of vehicles used to transport tourists (modern tourist buses, cruise ships, aircraft and other vehicles);
outdated and insufficiently effectively used resource base in the field of sanatorium, health and medical tourism (boarding houses and sanatoriums), an acute shortage of institutions for children and youth tourism;
poor ecological condition and weediness of coastal zones of reservoirs and natural areas in places of active development of tourism, including amateur tourism;
unfavorable economic conditions for attracting investment in tourism infrastructure, lack of ready-made investment sites and standard investment projects;
insufficient entrepreneurial activity of the population in the field of tourism;
negative experience of a series of bankruptcies of large tour operators and high consumer risks;
the high cost of the domestic tourism product, primarily transport services, which significantly reduces the competitiveness of domestic and inbound tourism;
high seasonal cyclicity of demand for most tourism programs, long duration of the "low season" in the regions of traditional beach tourism, high average fixed costs of tourism enterprises;
the incomparable size of the capacity of the hotel base of traditional domestic beach resorts, the permissible recreational load and the throughput of beaches and other tourist infrastructure facilities;
insufficient level of practical skills among graduates of vocational training programs in the field of tourism;
the traditional approaches to the formation of tourist programs, the low diversity of the range of tours in the Russian Federation, capable of satisfying the dynamic and demanding demand of the modern consumer;
lack of a client-oriented management policy for cultural institutions, the need to modernize their services;
insufficient promotion of the tourist product of the Russian Federation;
low awareness of Russians about tourism opportunities regions of the Russian Federation, the fragmentation of information resources in the field of tourism and the lack of a unified system of information support for domestic and inbound tourism;
negative image of the domestic tourist product, low interest of Russians in purchasing tours in the Russian Federation;
the need to integrate the sphere of tourism services provided by the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol into the management system and the professional tourism community of the Russian Federation.
These trends determine the strategic guidelines for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation.
IV. Purpose, objectives and strategic guidelines for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation
The current stage of strategic planning for the development of tourism is associated with the need to consolidate the results achieved in the previous stages.
Initially, the main goal of such planning was to determine the legal framework, lawmaking, restoration and creation of new elements of tourism infrastructure. Further, the focus of strategic planning shifted towards stimulating entrepreneurial initiatives in the regions, determining the location of free economic zones and tourist clusters, as well as selecting investment projects implemented in them.
Over the past 15 years, the industry has achieved a certain level of development, and by now there are prerequisites for the intensive development of tourism based on the principles of complexity, sustainability and human orientation.
Today, it is a person with his needs, cultural potential, quality of life, security that becomes the central link and the main goal in the development of the economy in general and the tourism sector in particular.
Tourism today should become the locomotive of regional development, a link between the commercial interests of various business areas, government policy priorities and the cultural needs of society. The unity of the goals and objectives of the country's development will make it possible to successfully implement program-targeted tools for the growth of the cultural level, spiritual potential and well-being of the country and each of its citizens.
Thus, the goal of tourism development in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 is the comprehensive development of domestic and inbound tourism, taking into account the provision of economic and socio-cultural progress in the regions of the Russian Federation.
Achieving this goal requires solving the following set of tasks:
Formation of an accessible and comfortable tourist environment;
improving the quality and competitiveness of the tourist product of the Russian Federation in the domestic and world markets;
implementation and strengthening of the social role of tourism, including the development of social, health-improving, children's, youth and youth tourism;
improvement of the system of management and statistical accounting in the field of tourism;
ensuring the growth of the economy and the quality of life of the population of the regions of the Russian Federation through the development of tourism;
comprehensive security in the field of tourism and sustainable development of tourism services;
promotion of the tourist product of the Russian Federation in the domestic and international tourism markets;
integration of the sphere of tourist services provided by the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol into the tourism management system and the professional tourism community of the Russian Federation.
The priority areas for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation are:
Development of domestic and inbound tourism;
unification of the quality of tourist services in the country, bringing them in line with international standards;
creation and development of a comfortable tourist information environment, including a tourist navigation system, orientation signs, information about tourist resources and programs of the regions;
strengthening the role of tourism in education and the formation of the cultural and moral potential of the population of the regions of the Russian Federation;
coordination of efforts of all regions to promote the tourist product of the Russian Federation.
At the same time, the main indicators of achieving the goal of developing tourism in the Russian Federation should be considered:
increase in demand for the domestic tourist product on the part of Russians, including due to the reorientation of part of consumer demand from outbound tourist destinations to domestic ones;
attracting more foreign tourists; increasing the number of repeat trips, expanding the range of services consumed by tourists and lengthening the period of stay of tourists in domestic resorts;
development of social tourism.
The principles of tourism development in the Russian Federation are: the use of an integrated approach to the development of tourism;
Integration of tourism development plans in all areas National economy and social life of society (education, health care, social security, culture, art, science, industry, services);
innovative nature of tourism development;
stimulating entrepreneurial initiatives of participants in the tourism business, creating conditions for the growth of the number of small businesses;
ensuring intercultural communication and international cooperation in the organization of tourism programs;
balancing the interests of all participants in the tourism development process (consumers, businesses, non-profit organizations, government bodies, local residents);
focus on indicators of the quality of life of the population in assessing the impact of tourism on the socio-economic development of regions;
sustainability of tourism development, consideration of environmental and socio-cultural risks, focus on the inexhaustible use of tourism resources.
Target indicators for the implementation of the Strategy are given in the Appendix.
The implementation of the Strategy is ensured by consolidating the efforts and resources of state authorities in the field of tourism and related industries at all levels, tour operators, travel agents, organizations and individuals providing individual tourism services, educational institutions that train personnel in the field of tourism, transport and insurance companies and other participants tourism activities and civil society institutions through the integrated use of political, organizational, socio-economic, legal, special and other measures developed as part of strategic planning in the Russian Federation.
Also, the implementation of the Strategy requires attracting the attention of citizens of the Russian Federation to the development of domestic and inbound tourism, awareness by the professional community and civil society as a whole of the importance and prospects of the objectives of the Strategy, the manifestation of an active position of the population in creating an atmosphere of hospitality in their region and the implementation of entrepreneurial initiatives in the field of tourism services. .
The Strategy is adjusted based on the results of continuous monitoring of its implementation, taking into account changes that have a significant impact on the state of the tourism sector.
The strategy was developed on the basis of the following documents in the field of strategic planning for the development of various areas of activity in the Russian Federation:
The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020;
Program for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation in the short term;
State program of the Russian Federation "Development of culture and tourism" for 2013 - 2020;
Strategies (programs) for the development of individual sectors of the economy; strategies (concepts) for the development of federal districts; strategies and comprehensive programs for the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
Interstate programs in which the Russian Federation takes part;
Federal (departmental) targeted programs, concepts, doctrines and foundations (main directions) of state policy in areas that affect tourism activities.
Measures of regulatory legal support for the implementation of the Strategy are determined on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as regulatory legal acts of federal executive authorities.
Information and analytical support for the implementation of the Strategy is carried out by attracting information resources of the federal executive authorities in the field of tourism, public authorities of the constituent entities and municipalities of the Russian Federation in the field of tourism using the system of tourist information centers, public authorities in related industries and fields of activity, Rosstat and scientific institutions.
Control over the implementation of the Strategy is carried out within the framework of the activities of the federal executive authorities in the field of tourism, relying on the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of tourism.
This approach will make tourism one of the priority areas of activity in the country's economy, bring the tourism sector to one of the central places in the development of the regional economy, the formation of a modern socio-cultural environment and improve the quality of life of the population of the Russian Federation.
V. Main directions and mechanisms for solving the problems of tourism development
1. Development of tourist infrastructure and the formation of an accessible and comfortable tourist environment
In recent years, thanks to an active tourism development policy and close attention to the industry from all levels of government, as well as the organization of major international sports and cultural events in the country, the state of the tourism infrastructure has changed significantly for the better. New objects of tourist display, collective accommodation enterprises have appeared, transport hubs have been built. However, many tasks to improve the tourism infrastructure still remain unresolved today.
The federal target program "Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation (2011-2018)" provides for the creation of points of growth in the regions of the Russian Federation based on the cluster approach. This program provides for measures to form tourist and recreational clusters near historical and cultural centers, reserves and other tourist-oriented places and display facilities, as well as the creation of a network of autotourist clusters.
The Strategy provides for the use and development of the cluster approach, which is an advanced and effective mechanism for concentrating the efforts of both public authorities and private business initiatives to create tourism infrastructure. It is necessary to analyze the results of the implementation of pilot investment projects to create tourism clusters, develop a system of measures to solve problems that impede the implementation of the cluster approach, and ensure the dissemination of experience in the successful implementation of the cluster approach when creating tourism infrastructure facilities.
As the main mechanism for the implementation of the Strategy, public-private partnership should be considered as the most promising way to combine the efforts of public authorities and private business in order to create tourism infrastructure facilities.
Also, serious attention is required to the formation of a comfortable information tourist environment, for the solution of which it is necessary:
Develop a unified approach to information work with tourists;
develop, implement and develop a unified system of tourist navigation;
create in each region tourist information centers in the required quantity and develop their activities by developing standards and improving the quality of service, interregional cooperation of such centers.
It is necessary to create a bank of information materials on the tourist resources of the Russian Federation and provide access to it for potential tourists. The solution of this problem will be facilitated by the centralization of efforts to promote the tourist resources of the regions of the Russian Federation by expanding the functional content of the national tourism portal in the information and telecommunications network "Internet", which should combine the functions of the media in the field of domestic and inbound tourism, the archive of information materials, the national system travel bookings, social network, a tool for monitoring, collecting and analyzing data on consumer demand for tourism services and feedback on their quality, an educational, cultural and entertainment resource.
No less relevant are the issues of developing transport infrastructure, equipping roads and road infrastructure, organizing the movement of tourist buses in conditions of high traffic load, and arranging parking lots in areas of increased tourist interest. Also, amateur autotourism has the greatest potential for growth in the domestic market today, which is greatly facilitated by an increase in the number of cars per capita, the arrangement of autotourist clusters on key federal highways, and the development of a network of roadside hotels. However, the issues of ensuring the safety of tourists on the route, as well as the awareness of the population about existing tourist routes and places of tourist display, as well as catering and accommodation options along the way, remain unresolved. Despite these problems, car tourism can be considered the most promising for organizing travel within the home region or to neighboring regions.
In most regions of the Russian Federation, the issues of developing the infrastructure of water modes of transport, coastal territories and coastal waters are acute. For the successful development of cruise and beach tourism, it is necessary to build berths, piers, equipping the supporting infrastructure for river navigation, expanding the fleet and updating river and sea cruise ships.
The issues of developing beach infrastructure and ensuring the environmental cleanliness and safety of beaches and water areas require special attention.
It is equally important to pay sufficient attention to the condition and level of comfort of vehicles used to transport tourists. Periodic renewal of the rolling stock, modernization of means of transport, measures to control their technical condition lay the conditions for the safe organization of tourism. Today, we should talk about the high level of wear and tear not only of railway cars, domestic aircraft, river boats, tourist buses, but also about the obsolescence of entertainment facilities (attractions, equipment for culture and recreation parks). The same can be said about the state of funiculars, cable cars, marinas, train stations and bus stations.
The current state of the hotel base has improved markedly over the past 5 years, new accommodation enterprises have appeared, including various classes of service. However, there is still a shortage of accommodation facilities in the economy and mid-price segments that offer a standardized set of services. Increasing the capacity of this type of room stock is becoming the main prerequisite for the development of domestic and inbound tourism.
The solution to this issue can be achieved by stimulating entrepreneurial activity in the segment of small and medium-sized businesses. A private initiative in the hospitality sector (mini-hotels, mini-hotels, hostels, guest houses) can significantly increase the capacity of accommodation facilities. However, the uncontrolled construction of private hotels can not only overload the communal and tourist infrastructure, but lead to the loss of the historical appearance of the resort, reducing its attractiveness for tourists. Therefore, along with measures to stimulate the entrepreneurial initiative of local residents, it is necessary to provide for the growth potential of private hotels in the urban planning policy, take it into account when developing programs for the development of utility networks, regulate the level of quality of services and, if necessary, normalize the volume of the tourist flow to ensure comfortable living conditions for the local population and tourists' recreation. and compliance with the norms of recreational load on natural areas.
We should strive to develop national hotel chains as the most promising way to create accommodation facilities of the required quality level and an effective source for the formation of service standards, which are the hallmark of the Russian Federation and its regions.
Accordingly, it is necessary to develop measures to develop tourism infrastructure by stimulating the entrepreneurial initiative of the population of small towns, urban-type settlements and rural areas. settlements. This area of activity is especially important in the context of an acute shortage of jobs in small towns and rural areas and the forced urbanization of the population in almost all regions of the Russian Federation.
In addition, when planning and implementing tourism infrastructure development projects, the task of creating an accessible environment for people with disabilities should be taken into account.
2. Improving the quality and competitiveness of the tourist product of the Russian Federation in the domestic and world markets
The Russian Federation has significant potential for the growth of domestic and inbound tourism, but the domestic tourist product is experiencing strong competition from the international market. In this regard, it is necessary to develop a system of measures to improve the competitiveness of the domestic tourism product, including:
Ensuring high quality of tourist services; improvement of vocational education in the field of tourism;
creation and maintenance of an effective level of competition in the industry;
the use of modern marketing tools to form the offer of tourist services in accordance with the needs of the real and target audience of buyers;
study of possible options for reducing prices for domestic transportation within the Russian Federation;
creation and development of Russian systems for booking tourist services in the domestic market;
the introduction of a classification of objects of the tourism industry, including hotels and other accommodation facilities, ski slopes and beaches.
Improving the quality of tourism services today is the main task of all industry participants. Russian and foreign tourists actively traveling around the world have accumulated considerable tourist experience and are accustomed to world service standards. Domestic tourism organizations have to deal with a sophisticated and demanding consumer.
One of the most widely used tools for assessing the quality of tourism services today is the classification of tourism infrastructure facilities. It is necessary to introduce a unified system for classifying objects of the tourism industry, including hotels and other accommodation facilities, ski slopes and beaches, to develop a procedure for assessing the quality of services and assigning a category, as well as a mechanism for periodically re-evaluating and raising or lowering an already assigned category.
In order to improve the quality of the tourist product of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to provide a wide range of tourist programs offered on the market and to update them periodically. This will increase consumer interest in the tourism product and increase the number of repeat visits to resorts and tourism infrastructure.
One of the main components of the system for ensuring the quality of tourist services is the training of personnel for this area. Modern system professional education in the field of tourism requires improvement in terms of bringing it into line with modern requirements of employers, a greater focus on practice, the development and implementation of professional standards, improving the quality of teaching materials, taking into account the specifics of organizing tourism activities in the regions of the Russian Federation in training. First of all, at the federal and regional levels, it is necessary to establish the required professional composition, structure and number of specialists in the field of tourism in the medium term, taking into account tourism development plans. This will serve as a guide for educational institutions, existing and future specialists in the field of tourism, allowing to determine the composition and content of educational programs and the trajectory of the development of professional competencies.
At present, one of the most important problems is the training of guides, guide-interpreters, instructors-guides. It is necessary to improve the quality of tourism services, together with the executive authorities in the field of tourism of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, to develop and implement a system for ensuring and monitoring the awareness of these categories of specialists about the specifics of the region's tourism resources and their admission to work.
In order to coordinate the efforts of various areas of tourism activities, improve the quality and competitiveness of the tourism product, it is necessary to develop and implement an action plan ("road map") to create favorable conditions for the development of competition in the field of tourism activities. Such a plan should be coordinated with federal and regional programs, as well as take into account the experience already gained in stimulating small business in the tourism sector.
In order to adapt the offer of tourist services to the requirements of tourists, it is necessary to ensure the possibility of applying modern marketing methods. Practice shows that many tourist organizations often proceed from their capabilities and stereotypical ideas about the needs of customers, neglecting market research and determining their target audience. This happens, on the one hand, from the inertia of the minds of managers, on the other hand, due to the extreme limited funds due to low profitability and lack of security for obtaining loans, especially small businesses.
Therefore, in order to organize systematic work to improve the quality of tourism services, it is necessary to develop a centralized approach to conducting marketing research in the field of tourism and providing information to participants in the tourism market. Authorized executive authorities in the field of tourism at all levels should organize and coordinate activities to collect and analyze information on the state of the tourism market, consumer demand characteristics, market segmentation opportunities, identify the main market trends and collect and analyze data on the state of the industry. Research results should be available to tourism business professionals and the general public.
A particularly active deterrent to the development of tourism today is the problem of high domestic prices for railway and air transport services in the Russian Federation. Solving this problem requires both active actions to change the current taxation system, regulate domestic prices for fuels and lubricants, and create conditions for creating competition in the domestic passenger transportation market, developing measures to create and develop transport companies that can offer reduced prices. Lowering prices for domestic passenger transportation today is a central strategic task, the solution of which largely determines the degree of competitiveness of tourist services in Russia in the domestic and international tourism market.
It is also necessary to develop measures for the creation and development of domestic systems for booking tourist services in the domestic market.
3. Realization and strengthening of the social role of tourism
The social role of tourism is manifested in its health-improving, educational, educational function. The development of a social tourism system with the involvement of budgetary and non-budgetary sources of financing is today one of the main directions for meeting the needs of socially vulnerable groups of the population of the Russian Federation and increasing the availability of tourist services. Each region should pay close attention to the task of developing social tourism. It is necessary to look for ways to use financial mechanisms to encourage employers who are sponsors of social tourism programs or compensate their employees for part of the costs of tourism services in the Russian Federation. Any initiative to support social tourism programs from the business community should be encouraged in every possible way. It is important to increase the availability of tourism services for the least socially protected groups of the population and students.
Tourism also plays an important role in restoring the health of the population. In this regard, special attention should be paid to the development of health tourism, improvement of its material and technical base, training and recruitment of personnel in this area and active promotion of health tourism in the domestic market, including through the organization of cooperation (familiarization and training events) from medical workers. In working with children and youth, an important health-improving role is played by tourist programs with active means of movement along the route, in which students of educational institutions must be involved.
A promising task of tourism is to increase the level of culture, education and enlightenment of society. All types of tourism correspond to this task, but one of the most narrowly focused is cultural and educational tourism.
The following special measures are necessary for the development of cultural and educational tourism:
Development, implementation and dissemination of a new concept of interactive exposition in cultural institutions (museums, cultural and leisure institutions, natural landscape complexes) using elements of gaming technologies, visualization techniques, role-playing methods to involve the visitor in the learning process;
Creation and development of a mixed type of cultural institution, ecological and cultural tourist complexes, combining a museum exposition, a natural landscape area, workshops of traditional crafts, theatrical performances, an educational and educational function, a research center, a trade fair complex. Such an integrated approach is able to attract and retain the interest of a modern consumer audience, and also makes it possible to attract investments to finance projects to create new or transform existing cultural institutions at the expense of extrabudgetary sources;
Implementation of the practice of active marketing activities of cultural institutions, including market research, analysis of real and target consumer audiences, determination of product policy and promotion of services to the market, including advertising and public relations activities, by combining the marketing efforts of all cultural objects on the basis of the national tourism portal and introduction of a unified information system for accounting and analysis of the number and characteristics of visitors, enabling online booking and online ticket sales;
Conducting training for employees of cultural institutions and other enterprises related to objects of tourist display, innovative methods of work, marketing activities and methods for compiling interactive programs for tourists;
Orientation to an individual tourist who makes a decision about a trip (excursion) without prior preparation using the services of travel companies or completely independently, providing information support for the process of choosing, ordering and consuming a tourist service;
Solving the problem of transport accessibility of objects of cultural and educational tourism, including the organization of access roads and parking spaces for tourist buses and personal transport of individual tourists;
Renewal of cultural and educational tourism programs, regular introduction of diversity into traditional tourist routes to stimulate repeat visits;
Development of local history, creation and development of local history clubs and museums.
Thus, cultural and educational tourism can make a significant contribution to the education and moral improvement of society. It is important to understand the importance of developing a set of measures to develop this area as the most competitive, promising type of tourism that meets the general state policy and national interests of the Russian Federation.
Another direction in the implementation of the social function of tourism is the development of children's, youth and youth tourism. It is necessary to develop legal and regulatory support for this area of tourism activity, to define and legislate the conceptual apparatus, principles and standards of service in the field of children's, youth and youth tourism.
One of the directions for the development of children's, youth and youth tourism is a deeper integration of tourism programs into the education system, which allows creating conditions for patriotic education and broadening the horizons of students.
Today, all educational organizations regularly conduct excursions and other types of field trips. However, in practice, such activities often do not have a clear plan. Persons responsible for excursions and outings with students, as a rule, when choosing tourist and excursion programs, proceed from personal experience, budget and recommendations of cultural institutions. This significantly reduces the quality and efficiency of this activity.
The integration of tourism programs into the education system can be achieved by combining the efforts of interested federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and representatives of the tourism business to develop tourism and excursion programs by tourism organizations that correspond to the content of educational programs and the specifics of the region's tourism resources, as well as development of a mechanism for planning the content of extracurricular work of educational organizations. Also, the tourist-excursion form can be used in additional general developmental programs for additional education for children and adults, which are an innovation of the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 N 273-ФЗ "On Education in the Russian Federation".
In addition, the expansion of the use of tourist programs as a form of extracurricular activities requires the creation of a system for training employees of educational organizations in planning and implementing field events in the educational and educational process, as well as increasing the availability of tourist services for organized groups.
It is also necessary to pay attention to the task of developing tourism infrastructure in the field of children's, youth and youth tourism through the creation and development of tourist clusters that specialize in serving this category of consumers. Then it is necessary to carry out work on the preparation and implementation of specific investment projects for the development of children's, youth and youth tourism in the regions of the Russian Federation within the framework of the created clusters.
4. Improving the efficiency of the management system and statistical accounting in the field of tourism to ensure socio-economic development and growth in the quality of life of the population of the regions of the Russian Federation
Improving the management system in the field of tourism should be carried out in the following areas:
Increasing the efficiency of interregional cooperation in the organization of tourism activities;
achieving consistency and coordination of development plans for related industries that ensure the creation of conditions for the development of tourism;
improvement of the system of statistical accounting in the field of tourism. In the Concept of the long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 17, 2008 N 1662-r, one of the challenges of modern society is the growing role of human capital as the main factor in economic development, and among the targets benchmarks are high standards of human well-being. This Concept is aimed at ensuring that the level of income and quality of life of Russians by 2020 will reach the indicators characteristic of developed economies. This means high standards of personal safety, the availability of education and health services of the required quality, the necessary level of housing, access to cultural benefits and ensuring environmental safety. One of the areas of transition to an innovative socially oriented type of economic development of the country is the development of the human potential of Russia, which, on the one hand, involves the creation of favorable conditions for the development of the abilities of each person, improving the living conditions of Russian citizens and the quality of the social environment, and on the other hand, increasing the competitiveness of the human capital and the social sectors of the economy that provide it, which include the sphere of tourist services. The result of the development of human potential will be the creation of economic conditions for the preservation and multiplication of the cultural and spiritual values of the Russian people and ensuring the quality and availability of services in the field of tourism. Thus, at the federal level of strategic management, the role of tourism in improving the quality of life of the population and the growth of human potential is fixed.
In accordance with this, it is necessary to ensure the achievement of these goals in the preparation and implementation of plans for the development of tourism in the regions of the Russian Federation.
In the Regulations on the organization of a system of federal statistical observations on socio-demographic problems and monitoring of economic losses from mortality, morbidity and disability of the population, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 27, 2010 N 946 "On the organization in the Russian Federation of a system of federal statistical observations on social - demographic problems and monitoring of economic losses from mortality, morbidity and disability of the population", indicators of the quality of life of the population are provided - living conditions, accessibility and quality of social services, level and sources of income of the population, motivation for work and a healthy lifestyle, reproductive plans. Tourism is able to influence almost all of these indicators. The development of tourist infrastructure leads to an improvement in the transport accessibility of the region, an increase in the number of jobs, the emergence of consumer services and cultural and leisure institutions. Tourist programs enable educational institutions to apply new forms and methods of conducting classes within the framework of existing educational programs (field lectures, practical classes, visits to museums and theaters, excursions on the topic of the lesson). The region becomes interesting for investors, the entrepreneurial activity of local residents increases, young people find work in their region and stop leaving their homes en masse, which improves the demographic situation. All these positive effects must be planned and multiplied when planning the development of tourism.
An excessive increase in the tourist flow to the region can also have such a negative effect as environmental degradation, congestion of transport hubs, an increase in the cost of living in the region, an increase in entrepreneurial risk due to increased competition as a result of the arrival of large federal players in the regional market, the introduction and planting of elements of mass culture that changes the national coloring of the local cultural environment, an increase in crime, a structural imbalance in the development of the region's economy with excessive specialization in tourism. In most regions of the Russian Federation, a high seasonal differentiation of consumer demand for tourism services can be observed, which leads to the emergence of temporary jobs and the risk of reducing the income of local residents outside the tourist season.
Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and evaluate both the positive and negative multiplicative effect of the development of tourism in the region, to measure changes in the indicators of the quality of life of the population, depending on the growth of the tourist flow.
When developing tourism development plans, it is necessary to strive to ensure that the following interests of local residents are taken into account:
Job creation;
the possibility of selling locally produced products or personal subsidiary plots;
development of transport, social infrastructure of the region, cultural and leisure institutions;
respect for the national and cultural traditions of the local population;
preservation and restoration of traditional crafts and crafts; participation of local residents in decision-making on the construction of tourism infrastructure in the region; training;
the possibility of implementing an entrepreneurial initiative; increasing the cultural and economic significance of the region on a national and global scale.
The participation of local residents and their receipt of income from tourism activities can be ensured in the following ways:
Obtaining economic benefits from the development of tourism activities through the creation of new jobs and the provision of preferences in hiring local residents, the purchase of food, souvenirs and other local products;
ensuring the participation of local residents in the management of the development of tourism activities through the co-ownership of tourism enterprises on the rights of shareholders, investors, shareholders;
establishing feedback with local residents, clarifying their attitude to tourism activities in the region, correcting tourism development plans in accordance with reasonable claims and comments from the population, ensuring the right of local communities to refuse to build tourism infrastructure on their territory;
ensuring an increase in the standard of living of the population through the development of tourism infrastructure through transport, the use of service enterprises, the provision of benefits to local residents for tourism services, the provision of the opportunity to conduct traditional forms of economy and folk crafts.
In general, the development of tourism should provide a significant contribution to the sustainable development of the region's economy by increasing tax payments to the local budget, improving the quality of life of the population, providing additional funding for programs to protect and restore objects of culture, historical heritage and nature, conducting environmental programs, preserving and developing social -cultural environment of the region.
Improving the management system in the field of tourism requires the creation of an effective system of statistical accounting. In order to increase the information content of tourism statistics in the regions of Russia and bring it closer to international standards, it is necessary to:
Ensure the transition of border statistics, which generates official statistical information on the number of Russian citizens who have traveled abroad and foreign citizens who have entered Russia, to the classification of travel purposes in accordance with the 2008 International Recommendations on Tourism Statistics;
organize the conduct of selective statistical surveys of guests of collective accommodation facilities, visitors to tourist sites, border surveys of foreign tourists according to the developed methodology of the Federal State Statistics Service;
approve and put into effect the collective grouping "Tourism" on the basis of the All-Russian classifier of types of economic activity.
These measures will eliminate differences in the definition of international tourism concepts, track the economic effect of tourism activities, the number of people employed in the tourism sector, and have up-to-date and unambiguous statistical information.
The system for collecting, analyzing and providing statistical data in the field of tourism should meet the needs of governments, professionals, researchers and society as a whole for up-to-date, consistent, accurate, complete and accessible information.
5. Comprehensive security of tourism activities
The issues of improving the safety of tourism are key at the present stage of the state policy in the field of tourism, focused on improving the quality of life of the population.
Tourism safety refers to the safety of tourists (tourists), the safety of their property, as well as non-damage to the environment when traveling, material and spiritual values of the state and its security.
The safety of a tourist directly depends on the policy of the state, the measures taken by firms, travel agents and tour operators, as well as on the actions of the tourist himself. Tourism safety and risk reduction when traveling relate to a wide range of issues, including providing medical care, checking the technical and sanitary condition of tourist equipment and tourist infrastructure, organizing the work of rescue and ambulance services, insurance, timely informing about existing threats, ensuring an immediate response to complaints from tourists, monuments and the environment.
Tourist enterprises are obliged to familiarize tourists with the risk elements of each particular tourist service and measures to prevent it. Information necessary for tourists, in order to protect their life and health, is provided in advance of the start of the holiday and during the service. Information characterizing the features of the tourist route, the required level of personal physical fitness of the tourist, the features of individual equipment should be contained in advertising and information materials and the text of the information leaflet for the tourist voucher.
To increase the awareness of tourists about the safety rules on tourist routes, the following measures should be taken:
Develop a set of standard information sheets for each tourist destination;
to ensure the reflection of regional features of tourism resources and programs in domestic tourism destinations;
approve the regulatory requirements for the content of the information sheet for each tourist program, consisting of basic standard and variable parts developed by the tour operator depending on the specifics of the tour program;
develop and implement a system for training employees of tourist organizations on the rules for conducting safety briefings and information work with tourists;
develop and implement a system for monitoring the knowledge of tourists about the content of information materials related to their safety in the directions being implemented, by employees of tourism organizations.
Close attention should also be paid to improving the safety of tourists on routes with active modes of movement and increased danger. To do this, it is necessary to develop a "road map" related to improving the safety of this category of travel, which should reflect the task of introducing a system of compulsory insurance for tourists on high-risk routes and developing a system for training instructors-guides.
In the Russian Federation, the mechanism for protecting the rights of tourists is constantly being improved. Thus, until 2007, tourism activity was regulated by issuing licenses. In 2012, changes were made regarding the creation of a special compensation fund. Now the legislation in the field of tourism obliges tour operators operating in the field of outbound tourism to be members of the Turpomoshch association of tour operators.
In terms of domestic tourism, such a protective mechanism, except for financial guarantees, does not exist today. Tourist administrations in a number of regions of the Russian Federation note the problem of late payment and delays in the transfer of money from tour operators for services already rendered by tourism infrastructure enterprises. Thus, in cases where it is a question of dishonest activities of a tour operator or travel agent, late payment to counterparties, which leads to financial losses of tourism service providers included in the tourism product, the compensation fund cannot offset these losses.
Such problems require the development of an integrated approach to solve them and the search for an effective mechanism for regulating financial settlements between participants in the tourism market, which can lead to the following results:
Increasing the transparency of financial settlements between industry enterprises and tourism service providers;
improving the payment discipline of mutual settlements between customers and providers of tourist services;
the availability of up-to-date information on travel companies that are in danger of bankruptcy, in order to take timely measures for their financial recovery and long-term planning of the state of the compensation fund.
It is necessary to develop a package of not only compensatory, but also preventive measures to protect the rights of consumers and producers of tourism services.
It is necessary to develop interaction between the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, executive authorities in the field of tourism, tourist information centers and enterprises in the field of tourist services on issues of ensuring the safety of tourists on the territory of the Russian Federation.
The current stage of strategic planning of tourism is associated with increased attention to the issues of sustainable development of the industry.
For this purpose, it is necessary to develop measures to stimulate the use of resource-saving and eco-technologies in tourism infrastructure enterprises, the application of the following principles of sustainable development of the industry in the implementation of regional strategies in the field of tourism:
Indefinitely long, inexhaustible use of tourist resources without loss of their quality;
ensuring the conservation of natural, social and cultural diversity;
careful planning, integrated approach, integration of tourism into regional development plans;
supporting the regional economy, the participation of the local population in the development of tourism and obtaining financial and other benefits from this activity;
implementation of the educational and educational function of tourism, raising the level of culture and consciousness in society, environmental responsibility and patriotism;
coordination, cooperation and development of cooperation between all participants in the tourism services market;
reduction of excessive costs of natural and energy resources.
The activities and projects described in this section of the Strategy will improve the safety of tourism, minimize the risk of consumers of the tourism product both in Russia and abroad, and put the industry on the track of sustainable development.
6. Promotion of the tourist product of the Russian Federation in the domestic and international markets
In recent years, there has been significant experience in promoting Russia as a tourist destination on the world market. Now it is necessary to support and develop this vector of activity using the entire range of communications, including events, representative measures, intercultural communications, advertising and information. It is necessary to more actively use the tools of the information and telecommunications network "Internet" to promote the domestic tourism product.
Special efforts should be made to attract Russian consumers to the country's tourist centers. If in previous years the main focus was on beach and health tourism, then in the future it is advisable to promote the cultural and educational component, medical, health and nature-oriented types of tourism. The strategic task of the entire tourism industry today is to create and maintain a favorable image of Russia as a safe, interesting, affordable and fashionable tourist destination.
In addition, it is necessary to understand the importance of creating a priority in society for traveling within one's own country. Such work should be carried out through campaigning, creating a positive image of an inquisitive tourist, providing information on available tourism programs developed taking into account the needs and topics of concern to modern society, systematic work to integrate tourism and excursion programs into the educational process at all levels of general and professional education.
In order to improve the image of Russia as a country favorable for tourism today in the countries that form the main tourist flows, events are being held in foreign countries.
The holding of these foreign events, including cultural and tourism forums, shows that this is a highly effective format of cooperation. Firstly, it allows you to combine all the main actors in the industry on one platform. Secondly, event events always arouse a high interest of the media and are large-scale and resonant actions.
The main goals of these events are such powerful impulses as the development of tourism exchanges, opening up new opportunities through mutual presentations of tourism potential, tourism products, services, as well as conditions for mutual business investment in tourism.
Work on the compilation of the annual national calendar of tourist events is being carried out in the cities of Russia.
When holding large event Russian and international events, it is necessary to develop approaches to determining the format for holding such events, including providing comfortable conditions for the organizers and participants of traditional, regularly operating tourist programs.
One of the mechanisms for promoting Russia as a tourist destination in the international and domestic tourist markets is the creation of a network of foreign representative offices of Rostourism in the largest countries that send a massive tourist flow to Russia.
7. Integration of the tourism services sector of the Crimean Federal District into the tourism management system and the professional tourism community of the Russian Federation
This task requires, firstly, immediate action to reduce the losses of the region's economy from the fall of the tourist flow from Ukraine, secondly, the creation of sectoral management bodies in the field of tourism and the integration of their activities into the tourism management system of the Russian Federation, a set of measures for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation, provided for by the Strategy.
In the short term, it is necessary to develop a "road map" for the development of tourism in the Crimean Federal District. The main priority areas for the implementation of the "road map" for the development of tourism in the Crimean Federal District are:
Development of a system of economic mechanisms that ensure a reduction in the selling price of tourist and recreational products and services (according to expert estimates, up to 30 percent), including by reducing the transport component in the cost of tourist products;
development of mechanisms for the promotion of tourist and recreational products and services of the Republic of Crimea in the regions of the Russian Federation and abroad;
development of mechanisms to support the activities of tourist and recreational enterprises of small and medium-sized businesses through the provision of various preferences, the use of the principles of public-private partnership;
ensuring the preservation and possible growth of employment, the elimination of wage arrears and its subsequent growth in the tourism sector;
phased introduction of service quality standards for tourist and recreational enterprises in accordance with Russian and international requirements;
ensuring the security of development in the Republic of Crimea of the tourist and recreational sphere based on Russian experience;
ensuring the integration of specialized tourism education of the Republic of Crimea into the all-Russian educational system through the introduction of federal state educational standards in the areas of training specialists in the field of recreation and tourism, the exchange of experience between educational institutions, the implementation of joint educational programs, including the use of distance learning technologies;
conducting a large-scale information and advertising campaign aimed at restoring and strengthening the image of the Republic of Crimea as a region for safe, comfortable, affordable recreation and health improvement.
It is necessary to take effective organizational and managerial measures to use all possible types of transport links with the regions of the Russian Federation.
The positive effect of the implementation of the "road map" of tourism development in the Crimean Federal District should be manifested: in maintaining employment in the industry;
In a significant increase in the number of residents of the regions of the Russian Federation who received tourist services on the territory of the Republic of Crimea;
in improving the quality of services in the tourism sector of the Republic of Crimea, including through professional retraining and advanced training of specialists of various levels;
in increasing the load factor of collective accommodation facilities;
in increasing the income of the consolidated budget of the Republic of Crimea by increasing the volume of services rendered in the industry;
in creating prerequisites for increasing investment attractiveness, including for solving the problems of related infrastructure.
In the medium and long term, for the tourism sector of the Crimean Federal District, it is necessary to implement all areas of strategic development reflected in the goals and objectives of the Strategy.
VI. Risk assessment and ways to overcome them
The implementation of the Strategy's activities is associated with the threat of risks that can reduce the effectiveness of the Strategy. Such risks may arise in the field of geopolitics, international relations, macroeconomics, finance, administration, scientific and technological progress and changes in the natural environment. It should also be noted that there is a risk of increasing differences in the level of socio-economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation.
Geopolitical risks may appear in case of loss of stability and complication of the political situation in the Russian Federation and in the world. This type of risk can significantly change current trends in the international and domestic tourism markets. Tourism is an industry that is extremely sensitive to the adverse effects of a deteriorating political situation in a country or region of a country. Strategic measures will not be able to be fully implemented due to geopolitical risks that sharply reduce the tourist flow.
To reduce this group of risks, the Strategy provides an analysis of the development of tourism in the world, identifies positive and negative trends for the Russian Federation, which were taken into account when developing the goal, objectives and action plan of the Strategy.
Macroeconomic risks arise as a result of changes in the phase of the business cycle, deterioration of the investment climate, stability of the national currency, availability and price of a loan product, and economic growth rates. Counteraction to this group of risks is ensured by harmonization of the main provisions of the Strategy with the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020, the state programs of the Russian Federation " Economic development and innovative economy", "Public financial management and regulation of financial markets", as well as with the current program-target documents in various industries and sectors of the economy.
Reducing the likelihood of financial risks is achieved by applying the principles of combining budgetary and non-budgetary sources of financing for the activities of the Strategy, including using the public-private partnership mechanism.
Administrative risks are associated with the low efficiency of the Strategy management system. Lack of coordination between different levels of government, fragmentation of the efforts of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, lack of support from the government authorities of related industries and areas of activity (transport, construction, housing and communal services, communications and telecommunications, protection of natural resources, health care, education , social security) may lead to non-fulfillment of the goal and objectives of the Strategy. Reducing the likelihood of damage from this category of risks is associated with the need to develop a series of tactical plans for the implementation of the Strategy's activities and their annual correction, depending on the intermediate results of the implementation of the Strategy.
The inclusion in the action plan for the implementation of the Strategy of such areas of work as improving the system of tourism management by strengthening and coordinating interregional and intersectoral cooperation is also a measure to counteract administrative risks.
The risks of increasing differences in the level of socio-economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation may arise as a result of an increase in the disproportion in the development of the country's economy and will lead to the fact that some of the measures of the Strategy will no longer correspond to the possibilities and realities of life in the regions. Then the goal and objectives of the Strategy will remain relevant only for a part of the regions and will not be fully achieved. This is especially true for measures to develop domestic tourism. The reduction of this category of risks is achieved by the presence in
Strategies for the direction of work on the socio-economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation.
Technogenic and environmental risks are associated with man-made accidents, natural disasters, abrupt climate change, the spread of dangerous infections, which can be a deterrent to the development of tourism. Separate sources of risk may be the achievement of scientific and technological progress, the emergence of technologies that were not taken into account in the Strategy, which will require its correction and addition. Reducing the negative consequences of such risk factors is achieved by using an integrated approach to the development of the Strategy from the standpoint of sustainable tourism development. The Strategy also provides for incentives for the introduction of innovative technologies in the field of tourism. In addition, the inclusion in the action plan of a set of tools for the development of a system of environmental and economic safety of natural areas in places of active tourist activity contributes to the reduction of this group of risks.
Introduction
Chapter 1. The current state of the tourism sector in Russia
1.2 State of tourism infrastructure
Chapter 2. Promotion of Russia as a tourist destination in the domestic and international tourism markets
2.1 Study of the tourism sector in the Volga region
2.2 Development of tourism in the Volga region
Conclusion
List of used literature
Appendix
Introduction
Tourism is one of the most important areas of activity of the modern economy, aimed at meeting the needs of people and improving the quality of life of the population. At the same time, unlike many other sectors of the economy, tourism does not lead to the depletion of natural resources. Being an export-oriented sphere, tourism shows greater stability compared to other industries in an unstable situation in world markets.
Currently, the tourism industry in the world is one of the most dynamically developing areas in trade in services.
Relevance of the research topic . The importance of tourism in the world is constantly growing, which is associated with the increased influence of this sector on the economy. Tourism is a significant source of income, employment, contributes to the diversification of the economy, creating industries that serve this area. In addition, tourism is an essential factor in the implementation of the foreign policy of the state. In our country, at present, as a whole, a realistic approach to tourism and an understanding of it as an economic sector that has significant benefits for the socio-economic development of Russian regions is gradually being formed. The potential of the tourism sector in Russia is ambiguous, so along with the obvious advantages - the richest cultural, historical and natural heritage of our country, combined with the unknown factor - the tourism sector in Russia also has its own competitive weaknesses - an underdeveloped tourist infrastructure in most regions of the country - which hinder development of the tourism industry. Therefore, it is important and of practical importance to study the priority areas for the development of tourism in Russia.
The systemic problem is that while maintaining the current level of Russia's competitiveness in the global tourism market, the opportunities for developing the domestic tourism market will not be sufficient to improve living standards and increase employment, meet the growing demand for quality tourism services.
The main goal of the course work – study and disclosure of the main directions of tourism development in Russia, which are priorities and determine the future state of the industry.
Object of study . The object of the study is the trends in the development of tourism in Russia, which characterize the current state of the industry.
The subject of the study is the main directions and mechanisms for solving the problems of developing the tourism sector.
Tasks :
Characteristics of the current state of tourism in the Russian Federation;
Identification of the main competitive advantages and disadvantages of the industry.
The main hypothesis is that Russia has the potential to form a competitive tourism market. An effective strategy to promote the domestic tourism product, focused on the key tourism destination markets and being aggressive in nature, will make tourism a profitable component of the entire Russian economy.
Chapter 1 The current state of the tourism sector in Russia
An analysis of the current state of tourism in the Russian Federation shows that in recent years this area as a whole has been developing steadily and dynamically. There is an annual increase in the domestic tourist flow. The rapidly growing demand for tourist services within the country caused a boom in the construction of small hotels, mainly in resort regions, as well as an increase in the number of hotels of international hotel chains in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other major cities of the country, and the creation of domestic hotel chains. The volume of investment proposals for hotel construction has sharply increased both from foreign and domestic investors. At the same time, the main proposals are aimed at developing the hotel business in the regions of Russia. Of particular note are the successes of recent years in the development of the resort and tourist complex of the Krasnodar Territory, which naturally led to the choice of our country in determining Sochi as the venue for the Winter Olympics - 2014. Thanks to this, not only Krasnaya Polyana and Sochi, but the entire Krasnodar Territory in in general, which causes a long-term business interest in the development of the tourism infrastructure of this region and a guarantee that in a few years the Black Sea coast will become a developed world-class resort center.
Currently, there are more than 6 thousand hotels in the country, while in 2004 there were only 4 thousand. Taking into account the number of other accommodation facilities, such as boarding houses, houses and recreation centers, tourist camps and others, the total number of tourist accommodation facilities is about 10 thousand. The number of Russian citizens living in hotels, sanatoriums and recreation organizations in 2006 amounted to 26.6 million people, of which 16.4 million people lived in hotels.
The volume of paid services provided to the population by hotels and similar accommodation facilities is growing annually and amounted to 88.9 billion rubles in 2007, which exceeded the figures for 2005 by 47%.
According to forecast estimates of the World Council for Tourism and Travel, in 2007 tourism revenues in our country's GDP, taking into account the multiplier effect, amounted to 6.7%. According to the same source, the number of jobs in tourism accounted for 1% of total employment, including related industries - 5.7%, investment in fixed assets in the tourism industry in Russia is 12.1% of total investment, with an annual growth of 8. 2%.
It is known that our country has a huge number of cultural and natural attractions, as well as other objects of tourist display. These, according to Rosstat, include 2,368 museums in 477 historical cities, 590 theaters, 67 circuses, 24 zoos, almost 99,000 historical and cultural monuments, 140 national parks and reserves. In Russia, there are currently 103 museum-reserves and 41 museum-estates (objects identical to museum-reserves in terms of the nature of their activities, differing, as a rule, in a small territory). Museum-reserves play a crucial role in shaping an attractive image of Russia abroad. Of the 15 cultural heritage sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, 12 are part of the reserve museums. In accordance with this, the network of museum-reserves as centers of international and domestic tourism requires constant improvement and development.
As for such objects of tourist infrastructure as water parks, entertainment centers, ski resorts, tourist transport, etc., they are clearly not enough.
It is also obvious that the country's tourism potential is far from being fully used, and the creation of conditions for high-quality recreation in Russia for Russian and foreign citizens requires a more active implementation of state policy in the field of tourism.
Moscow and St. Petersburg, being still the main transport gates for the entry of foreign tourists, take up to 75% of international arrivals, the number of which has been declining in the last 2-3 years due to a sharp rise in prices in these cities. The reduction of inbound tourist flow to our country began to occur in 2006. In 2007, the number of arrivals of "classic" foreign tourists for the purpose of recreation decreased by more than 8%.
This is primarily due to the increased prices for services in the country over the past two years, as well as a sharp increase in hotel prices in Moscow due to a decrease in the number of tourist-class hotels in the city center due to the demolition or closure for the purpose of reconstruction of a number of the most famous and popular hotels among tourists , such as "Intourist", "Moscow", "Minsk", "Russia", "Ukraine", "Leningradskaya", "Central" and "Beijing". In Moscow, for various reasons, 9,000 3-star seats were withdrawn from circulation. It is the lack of places in tourist-class hotels that negatively affects the development of inbound and domestic tourism. This significantly increases the cost of the package of services offered to tourists when they travel to Russia. The Moscow Government plans to build 353 new hotels by 2011. However, given the strengthening of the ruble and the current situation in the capital, in which the average price for a room in Moscow hotels is significantly higher than the cost of a room of a similar category in European countries with lower comfort and quality of services, it becomes unprofitable for foreign tourists with a limited budget to come to the capital. This situation may continue in the next 2-3 years.
In order to obtain a comprehensive description of the current level of tourism development in the country, taking into account the results of the state's activities in the development of this sphere, it is necessary to dwell in more detail on the state and trends in the development of regulatory legal regulation, tourism infrastructure, training, statistical base, promotion of Russia as a tourist destination in the domestic and international tourism markets, as well as international cooperation in the field of tourism.
1.1 The state of regulatory legal regulation in the field of tourism in Russia
The current state of regulatory legal regulation in the field of tourism is characterized by the following trends:
development and implementation of legal norms aimed at improving the guarantees and effectiveness of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of consumers of the tourism product, the quality and safety of tourism;
strengthening the economic (financial) responsibility of persons engaged in tourism activities for violation of civil obligations, and as a result - increasing the transparency, stability and investment attractiveness of the tourism business;
the emergence of legal acts regulating the issues of classification and standardization in various segments of the tourism industry (accommodation facilities, beaches, ski slopes, etc.);
development of normative legal regulation in the field of tourism safety;
the formation of the legal framework for self-regulation in the tourism market, including the active development of the rule-making of self-regulatory organizations (associations (unions) of tour operators, banks and insurers);
the complexity of regulatory legal regulation in the field of tourism, including the presence of a significant number of "tourist norms" in the branches of legislation adjacent to the legislation on tourism activities (hereinafter referred to as related legislation);
development of regional law-making in the field of tourism and its unification;
harmonization of the legislation of the Russian Federation and the law of the European Union, the legislation of the states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, etc.
These trends were most clearly manifested in 2006-2007, when, as a result of effective law-making activities of the federal executive body in the field of tourism, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts were adopted that formed the legal foundations of the modern civilized tourism market in our country. At the moment, the legislation on tourism activities largely complies with the norms and principles of international law, harmonized with the law of the European Union and the legislation of developed countries in relation to tourism.
