Test tasks for self-control. Concepts of modern natural science The result of the Great Revolt in India

1. Circle the number of the correct answer.

1.1. The forcible "opening" of Japan took place in

1) 1840 2) 1842 3) 1854 4) 1860

1.2. Are the following statements about Taipings correct?

A. Taipings sought to create a democratic parliamentary republic of the European model.

The B. Taipings based their teachings on the traditional methods of Chinese gymnastics and fisticuffs.

1.3. Result of the Great Indian Rebellion

1) change of governor-general in India

2) the abolition of the East India Company

3) occupation by Indians of the highest positions in the colonial administration

4) a decrease in the number of British in the colonial army

1.4. Are the following judgments about the features of the development of the African continent in late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century?

A. Each African region specialized in the supply of one or more types of products.

B. The African continent remained isolated and was not drawn into the world market.

1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true

2) only B is correct 4) both judgments are wrong

2. Write down the answer in the form of a number, one or two words, a sequence of numbers.

2.1. Arrange the following events in chronological order. Specify the answer in the form of a sequence of numbers and complete the task.

1) Founding of the Indian National Congress.

2) Proclamation of the Republic of Liberia.

3) Japanese-Chinese war.

4) "Meiji Revolution".

Answer: 2-4-1-3

If the number 524 is subtracted from the four-digit number that appears in the table, then you will get the year of the most important event in the history of Japan. Write down its name

1889 Japan's constitution

Answer: A - 2; B - 3; IN 1; G - 3; D - 1.

2.3. Find two concepts related to the African continent in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Sepoy; 2) Yihetuan; 3) Bushman; 4) Swadeshi; 5) Pygmy.

Answer: 3, 5

Answer: A - 5; B - 4; AT 6.

1) The formation of the national bourgeoisie.

2) Conducting a course on self-reinforcement.

3) Active use of Western technologies.

4) Distribution of European knowledge.

Answer: Extreme

2.7. Find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts of the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.

1) The kingdom of justice; 2) Taiping movement; 3) egalitarian distribution of material goods; 4) "heavenly prince"; 5) the struggle against the feudal lords.

2.8. Below is a list of the beginning and end years of historical events from the history of traditional societies. All of them, with the exception of one, are related to wars.

1) 1840-1842; 2) 1856-1860; 3) 1884-1885; 4) 1894-1895; 5) 1899-1901

Find the years that fall out of this series and write down the number under which they are indicated.

TESTS

To chapter 1 "Subject and structure of natural science"

1. Science has formed:

1) in Ancient Greece;

2) in Europe in the XVI-XVIII centuries;

3) in Europe in the XIII-XV centuries;

4) in Ancient Rome.

2. Science differs from ordinary knowledge:

1) the relevance of the object of knowledge;

2) the reliability of the acquired knowledge;

3) the significance of the results of cognition;

4) language used.

3. A certain way of understanding any object, process or phenomenon is:

1) concept;

3) hypothesis;

4) theory.

4. In scientific research levels are highlighted:

1) contemplative and empirical;

2) contemplative and conceptual;

3) empirical and theoretical;

4) theoretical and conceptual.

5. Differentiation of the natural sciences began to occur at the stage:

1) natural philosophy;

2) analytical natural science;

3) synthetic natural science;

4) integral natural science.

6. The total object of natural science is:

2) Galaxy;

3) nature;

4) the geographic envelope of the Earth.

7. Theory is:

1) conjectural knowledge, which is of a probabilistic nature;

2) true, proven, confirmed knowledge about the essence of phenomena;

3) a statement revealing the general connections of the studied phenomena.

8. The method of the empirical level of knowledge is:

1) analogy;

2) observation;

3) modeling;

4) synthesis.

9. Classification is:

1) establishing similarities and differences in the features of the objects under study;

2) combining various features of the objects under study;

3) assignment of objects to a certain class of phenomena.

To chapter 2 "Fundamental concepts about matter"

1. Quarks are:

1) space bodies with excess X-rays;

2) elementary particles with a fractional charge;

3) new generation chemical catalysts;

2. Physical vacuum is:

1) a special type of matter that provides physical interactions of material objects;

2) the main type of matter that has mass;

3) the lowest energy state of the quantum field.

3. Strong interaction ensures:

1) bonding of nucleons in the nucleus;

2) chemical transformations of substances;

3) decay of elementary particles.

4. Which elementary particles do not belong to androns:

1) protons;

2) neutrons;

3) electrons;

4) nucleons.

To chapter 3 "Space, time, principles of relativity"

1. Without resorting to calculations, indicate in which processes the entropy increases:

1) H2O (g) - H2O (g);

2) HCl (p) - HCl (g).

2. The special theory of relativity (SRT) solves the following problems:

1) classical mechanics;

2) absoluteness of space and time;

3) adaptation of the space-time metric to modern physics;

4) non-inertial frames of reference.

3. Entropy is:

1) internal energy of the system;

2) the amount of heat that is used to perform mechanical work;

3) thermodynamic state function, which characterizes the part of the internal energy of the system that can be converted into mechanical work; measure of chaos, which in a state of thermal equilibrium reaches its maximum value.

4. Corpuscular-wave dualism is:

1) the theory of quantization of physical quantities;

2) the postulate that all microparticles simultaneously have both corpuscular and wave properties;

3) quantum-relativistic ideas about physical reality based on SRT and Einstein's GR.

To chapter 4 "Natural scientific knowledge about matter"

1. A substance that reduces the rate of a chemical process is called:

1) a catalyst;

2) an inhibitor.

2. From a modern point of view, the systematizing factor of the Periodic Table of D. I. Mendeleev is:

1) the mass of the nucleus of an atom;

2) the charge of the nucleus of an atom;

3) the charge of an atom;

4) mass of an atom.

3. What is the name of the concept of the origin of the living from the non-living:

1) abiogenesis;

2) phylogenesis;

3) ontogenesis?

4. The number of organogens, that is, elements that in total are the basis of living systems and the total weight fraction of which, for example, in the human body is 97%, is:

5. The selection of chemical elements in the Universe is manifested in such a way that only two elements make up most of the matter in it, namely:

1) silicon and carbon;

2) carbon and hydrogen;

3) oxygen and helium;

4) hydrogen and helium.

6. Determine the sequence in which chemical knowledge has historically developed, taking into account 4 conceptual stages: A - evolutionary chemistry, B - structural chemistry, C - the study of chemical processes, D - the study of the composition of matter:

To chapter 5 "Nanotechnologies"

1. Nanotechnologies are:

1) section of chemistry;

2) a section of physics;

3) section of astrobiology;

4) an interdisciplinary direction in natural science.

2. Nanotechnologies operate with objects, the linear dimensions of which are:

1) from 1 to 10 9 m;

2) from 10 9 to 10 -9 m;

3) from 10 -7 to 10 -9 m.

To chapter 6 "Megaworld and its properties"

1. Cosmology is:

1) section of astronomy;

2) section of astronautics;

3) non-scientific form of knowledge of the Universe;

4) the second name of cosmogony.

2. Small planets included in the solar system are called:

1) meteors;

2) satellites;

3) asteroids;

4) comets.

3. The largest unit of measurement of cosmic distances:

1) parsec;

2) astronomical unit;

3) light year;

4) kilometer.

4. The Universe is homogeneous because it:

1) expands;

2) has the same properties at all points;

3) has the same properties in all directions;

4) is hot.

5. The age of the Universe is calculated:

1) since the formation of galaxies;

2) since the formation of the solar system;

3) since the Big Bang;

4) from the beginning of the inflation phase.

6. Our Galaxy has the shape:

1) spiral;

2) elliptical;

3) spherical;

4) incorrect.

7. The solar system in our Galaxy is located:

1) in a plane perpendicular to the galactic one;

2) near the galactic plane;

3) on the periphery of the Galaxy;

4) the situation has not yet been clarified.

8. Quasars are:

1) new stars;

2) double stars;

3) powerful sources of radio emission in the Universe;

4) small galaxies - satellites of our Galaxy.

9. Stars consist mainly of:

1) from hydrogen and nitrogen;

2) from helium and oxygen;

3) from hydrogen and helium;

4) from helium and nitrogen.

10. New stars are formed:

1) from interstellar matter;

2) from binary stars;

3) from red dwarfs;

4) from variable stars.

11. The outer part of the Sun - the atmosphere - consists of:

1) from the core, convective zone and corona;

2) from the photosphere, chromosphere and corona;

3) from the core, the region of radiative energy transfer and the corona;

4) from the photosphere, the convective zone and the region of radiant energy transfer.

To chapter 7 "Planet Earth"

1. Limestone under the influence of high pressure and high temperatures turns into:

1) in marble;

2) into quartzite;

3) in granite.

2. Oil and gas fields are associated with tectonic structures:

2) plains;

3) the bottom of the ocean.

3. The oceans include:

1) all seas and oceans;

2) all oceans and underground waters under them;

3) all oceans and ice of Antarctica;

4) all oceans.

4. In the waters of the World Ocean, the average salt content of the total mass of water is:

5. Continental water basins include:

1) lakes, seas, rivers, swamps;

2) lakes, rivers, swamps, reservoirs;

3) rivers, bays of the seas, seas, swamps;

4) rivers, lakes, reservoirs, bays of the seas.

6. At a depth of 1 km, groundwater may be:

1) only in the liquid state;

2) both in solid and liquid state;

3) only in the solid state;

4) only in the vapor state.

7. The main cations of sea water - cations of sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium - entered the water:

1) as a result of weathering of rocks;

2) from the atmosphere;

3) from soil;

4) together with groundwater.

8. With an increase in height above the Earth's surface, the air temperature increases:

1) in the troposphere;

2) in the stratosphere;

3) in the mesosphere;

4) in the thermosphere.

9. At a height of 10 km above the Earth's surface, the air consists mainly of:

1) from carbon dioxide and nitrogen;

2) from hydrogen and helium;

3) from nitrogen and oxygen;

4) from nitrogen and ozone.

10. The state of the lower layer of the atmosphere in a given place at a given time is called:

1) albedo;

2) weather;

3) climate;

To Chapter 8 "Living Matter"

1. A self-organizing system is not characterized by:

1) high orderliness;

2) openness;

3) balance;

4) lack of control from outside.

2. After passing the bifurcation point, the system:

1) ceases to interact with other systems;

2) returns to its original state;

3) randomly chooses the path of new development;

4) does not obey the laws of determinism.

3. Synergetics is the science of transformation:

1) chaos into space (order);

2) simple systems into complex ones;

3) complex systems into simple ones;

4) order into chaos.

4. Ch. Darwin showed that the struggle for existence means:

1) fierce struggle of individuals of the same species;

2) the establishment of forms of cooperation and mutual assistance between living organisms;

3) competition between representatives different types animals;

4) combating adverse environmental conditions;

5) confrontation of living nature with industrial civilization.

5. Elementary factors and phenomena of evolution should be considered:

1) an individual as an elementary evolutionary structure;

2) change in the genotypic composition of the population as an elementary evolutionary phenomenon;

3) the gene pool of a population as an elementary evolutionary material;

4) mutations as elementary evolutionary factors;

5) natural selection as an elementary evolutionary resistance.

6. I. Prigogine discovered the self-organization of macrosystems in the form:

1) concentration autowaves;

2) open catalytic systems;

3) dissipative structures;

4) non-stationary, non-linear systems.

7. Co-evolution is:

1) modern stage evolution of life on Earth;

2) destruction of the biocenosis;

3) mutual adaptation of species;

8. Ch. Darwin gave a scientific explanation of the evolution of wildlife in the work:

1) "The origin of man";

2) "Origin of species by means of natural selection";

3) "The role of labor in the process of turning a monkey into a man";

4) "The expression of emotions in man and animals."

9. The elementary structure of evolution, according to modern concepts, is:

1) cell;

2) organism;

3) population;

4) biocenosis.

10. In the modern theory of evolution, “waves of life” are:

1) periodic change in the climate of the planet;

2) waves of the World Ocean;

3) quantitative fluctuations in the population size;

4) an increase in the number of closely related crosses.

11. The unit of the structure and life of a living organism is:

2) molecule;

4) cell.

12. A gene is:

1) site of messenger RNA;

2) a section of a DNA molecule;

3) polypeptide chain.

13. By inheritance are transferred:

1) modification changes;

2) phenotype;

3) gene mutations.

14. Mutagen is:

1) the organism in which the mutations occurred;

2) a factor that increases the number of mutations;

3) hereditary transmission of a trait.

15. Genotype is:

1) the totality of the hereditary material of the population;

2) the totality of genes of all living organisms;

1) T. Morgan;

2) G. Mendel;

3) N. Vavilov.

To chapters 9 "Teaching about the biosphere" and 10 "Man as a subject of modern natural science"

1. Noosphere is:

1) part of the biosphere;

2) the mineral shell of the Earth;

3) the sphere of reason;

4) field of activity.

2. Nutrient:

1) is created in the process of vital activity of organisms;

2) formed by a combination of organisms;

3) is formed without the participation of living organisms;

4) is the result of the interaction of living and non-living.

3. The life film lying on the border of the atmosphere and the hydrosphere is called:

1) benthos;

2) plankton;

4. The transformation of the biosphere into the noosphere occurs under the influence of:

1) climatic factors;

2) geological factors;

3) intelligent human activity;

4) biological evolution.

5. The state of health depends to a greater extent:

1) on the state of healthcare;

2) from the individual lifestyle;

3) from heredity;

4) from environmental factors.

6. Good health is characterized by:

1) the absence of diseases;

2) stable emotional state;

3) balance between body functions and environmental factors;

4) high physical performance.

7. A healthy lifestyle is:

1) the absence of bad habits;

2) behavior aimed at achieving success and well-being;

3) absence of diseases;

4) behavior aimed at maintaining and strengthening health.

To chapter 11 "Fundamentals of ecology"

1. The term "ecology" was introduced by the scientist:

1) K. Linnaeus;

2) J. B. Lamarck;

3) G. Gause;

4) E. Haeckel.

2. The soil as a habitat is brought closer to the aquatic environment:

1) temperature regime, low oxygen content, the presence of water in various forms, the presence of salts and organic substances;

2) light regime, pressure drops, change in the gravitational component;

3) change in salt composition by season, combination of soil density and pressure;

4) the same pH value of the medium, the same composition of microfauna and microflora.

2) atmosphere;

3) fresh water;

4) seas and oceans.

4. Most rapidly in large industrial cities, due to environmental pollution, there is an increase in such diseases as:

1) diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;

2) pulmonary diseases and diseases of the upper respiratory tract;

3) skin diseases;

4) diseases of the joints and bones.

5. All environmental problems can be expressed in one phrase:

1) ocean and land are interconnected;

2) all living things are connected with each other and with the environment;

3) all non-living things interact with each other;

4) the components of the geographic envelope are isolated.

6. The main environmental factors that can affect demographic situation in the world, continue to be:

1) food resources and diseases;

2) features of climate and terrain;

3) features geographical location countries;

4) climatic conditions.

7. The main cause of acid rain is:

1) the ingress of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the air - combustion wastes of any fossil fuel, especially low-grade coal and fuel oil;

2) the ingress of phosphorus and carbon oxides into the air - combustion wastes of any type of fuel, especially shale and peat;

3) getting into the air a large amount of chlorine;

4) ingress into the air of dust containing metal particles.

8. It is believed that the ozone screen is destroyed as a result of exposure to:

1) radiation;

2) sulfur dioxide;

3) freon;

9. The greatest precipitation with soluble pollutants occurs in the area:

1) Arkhangelsk;

2) Yekaterinburg, Omsk;

3) Verkhoyansk;

4) Yakutsk.

10. Environmental monitoring primarily means:

1) a system for protecting the environment;

2) a system of regular observations of the state of the environment;

3) a system of legal acts for the protection of the natural environment;

4) monitoring system for separate view organisms.

ANSWERS TO TESTS

To chapter 1

1. Answer: 2;

2. Answer: 4;

3. Answer: 2;

4. Answer: 3;

5. Answer: 2;

6. Answer: 3;

7. Answer: 2;

8. Answer: 2;

9. Answer: 3.

To chapter 2

1. Answer: 2;

2. Answer: 3;

3. Answer: 1;

4. Answer: 3.

To chapter 3

1. Answer: 2;

2. Answer: 3;

3. Answer: 3;

4. Answer: 2.

To chapter 4

1. Answer: 2;

2. Answer: 2;

3. Answer: 1;

4. Answer: 2;

5. Answer: 4;

6. Answer: 3.

To chapter 5

1. Answer: 4;

2. Answer: 3.

To chapter 6

1. Answer: 1;

2. Answer: 3;

3. Answer: 1;

4. Answer: 2;

5. Answer: 3;

6. Answer: 1;

7. Answer: 2;

8. Answer: 3;

9. Answer: 3;

10. Answer: 3;

11. Answer: 2.

To chapter 7

1. Answer: 1;

2. Answer: 2;

3. Answer: 1;

4. Answer: 3;

5. Answer: 2;

6. Answer: 2;

7. Answer: 1;

8. Answer: 2, 4;

9. Answer: 3;

10. Answer: 2.

To chapter 8

1. Answer: 3;

2. Answer: 3;

3. Answer: 1;

4. Answer: 1, 3, 4;

5. Answer: 2, 3, 4;

6. Answer: 3;

7. Answer: 3;

8. Answer: 2;

9. Answer: 3;

10. Answer: 3;

11. Answer: 4;

12. Answer: 2;

13. Answer: 3;

14. Answer: 2;

15. Answer: 3;

16 Answer: 1

To chapters 9 and 10

1. Answer: 3;

2. Answer: 1;

3. Answer: 2;

4. Answer: 3;

5. Answer: 2;

6. Answer: 3;

7. Answer: 4.

To chapter 11

1. Answer: 4;

2. Answer: 1;

3. Answer: 1;

4. Answer: 2;

5. Answer: 2;

6. Answer: 1;

7. Answer: 1;

8. Answer: 3;

9. Answer: 2;

10. Answer: 2.

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Notes

1
The intrinsic angular momentum of a microparticle, which does not depend on its position in space.

2
The formulation belongs to the famous physicist D. Bohm.

3
SRT is one of the most complex areas of modern physics. It is based on the cumbersome mathematical apparatus of Einstein's equations, which are a system of covariant partial differential equations.

4
K - kelvin, a unit of temperature. The relation between the temperature in kelvins (G) and the temperature expressed in degrees Celsius (t°) is as follows: Ф = t° + 273.15.

5
GPa - gigapascal. Pascal (Pa) is a unit of pressure. 1 Pa ~10-5 atm. 1 GPa = 109 Pa.

6
Mamontov S. G. Biology: a reference edition. M., 1992. S. 99.

1) Based on the characteristics of payments, salaries are distinguished:

1. Main;

2. Indirect;

3. Direct;

4. Additional.

2) The main payment includes:

2. According to official salaries;

3. Vacations;

4. At piece rates;

5. By average earnings;

3) Additional include payment

1. Working hours at tariff rates;

2. According to official salaries;

3. Vacations;

4. At piece rates;

5. By average earnings;

6. Leaves of incapacity for work;

7. Overtime and night hours;

8. Time of performance of state and public duties;

9. Downtime through no fault of employees.

4) From the profits of the organization can be paid

1. Leaves of incapacity for work;

2. Personal supplements to employees' pensions;

3. Annual holidays;

4. Insurance payments under contracts of personal, property insurance

for the benefit of their employees;

5. Dividends on shares;

6. Production in the order of payment in kind;

7. Housing transferred to the ownership of employees.

5) Wages accrued to the administrative and managerial personnel of the organization are reflected in the debit of the account

1. 20 "Main production";

2. 23 "Auxiliary production";

3. 25 "General production costs";

4. 26 "General expenses".

6) Contributions to state off-budget funds are made as a percentage of:

1. The amount of production costs;

2. Revenue volume;

3. The amount of net profit;

4. Amounts accrued wages.

7) The amount of temporary disability benefit depends on:

1. Membership in a trade union;

2. Work experience;

3. Insurance experience employee;

4. Average earnings.

8) Calculation of wages to employees engaged in the correction of defective products in the main production shop is reflected in the accounting entry:

1. Debit 25 "General expenses" - Credit 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages";

2. Debit 20 "Main production" - Credit 70 "Settlements with personnel

for wages";

3. Debit 28 "Marriage in production" - Credit 70 "Settlements with personnel p

wages."

9) Accrual of contributions to state off-budget funds from

the wages of workers engaged in the manufacture of products are reflected in the accounting entry:

1. Debit 20 "Main production" - Credit 69 "Calculations on social

insurance and security”;

2. Debit 25 "General expenses" - Credit 70 "Settlements with personnel

for wages";

3. Debit 25 "General expenses" - Credit 69 "Calculations for

social insurance and provision."

10) The deposit of wages is reflected in the accounting entry:

1. Debit 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” - Credit 76 “Settlements with

2. Debit 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” - Credit 73 “Settlements with

personnel for other operations”;

3. Debit 51 "Settlement accounts" - Credit - Credit 76 "Settlements with

different debtors and creditors”;

1. Which of the proposed theories of the formation of stellar matter is scientific?

1) the theory of "big bang" and initially "hot universe";

2) the theory of the formation of stellar matter from cold gas and dust clouds;

3) theological theory of the creation of the universe.

2. Indicate which of the stages of the evolution of stellar matter is the initial one:

1) helium core; 2) stationary development;

3) compression of the protoplanetary cloud.

3. The evolution of stars is carried out in the direction:

1) decrease in gas pressure and increase in gravitational forces;

2) an increase in gas pressure and a decrease in gravitational forces;

3) the equilibrium tendency of pressure and gravity forces.

4. Which of the three main sources of energy transfer in the solar chromosphere is decisive:

1) thermal conductivity; 2) convection; 3) radiation.

5. Why extinct stars are called "white dwarfs":

1) because of the white color and weak luminosity;

2) due to small size and lack of flicker;

3) due to the luminosity by reflected light at small sizes.

Chapter 6 evolution of the earth. Biosphere

The main stages in the history of the development of the Earth. The history of the development of the geospheric shells of the Earth: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere. The origin and development of living organisms. Anthropogenesis. The evolution of the brain and the development of consciousness. Criteria of human health, emotions, creativity, performance. The structure and functions of the human nervous system. Three stages in the evolution of the psyche (elementary sensory; perceptual; intellect). The evolution of human mental activity. Borderline neuropsychiatric disorders and preventive measures.

6.1. The main stages in the history of the development of the Earth

In the light of modern geochemical and cosmochemical data, the differentiation of the primary mantle had a two-sided direction. On the one hand, the most low-melting, but heavy components, iron-sulphurous masses, were melted down with their lowering towards the center due to their high density and low viscosity. On the other hand, less fusible, but enriched in volatile elements, silicate fractions were melted out, which led to the formation of basaltic magma and, subsequently, to the formation of a basaltic crust. This process occurred when the mantle was heated from its compression as a result of the influence of gravitational forces, electromagnetic forces, and radioactive decay reactions. The bulk of the core was formed during the formation of the Earth due to the accumulation of metal particles, and the subsequent melting of iron-sulphurous masses in the lower parts of the primary mantle completed the formation of the entire core of the Earth as a whole.

As a result of the differentiation of the Earth's substance, all liquid iron is glass in the central regions, forming a metal core. The inner part of it passed into a solid phase under the influence of high pressure, forming a small core at a depth of 5000 km. Most of the silicates, at the end of planetary differentiation, formed a thick mantle of the planet, and the products of its melting gave rise to the development of an aluminosilicate crust, a primary ocean, and a primary atmosphere saturated with carbon dioxide.

The globe has developed a structure consisting of shells of different density and composition, concentrically enveloping each other. The upper shells of the Earth are the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. The atmosphere is strongly protected from outer space by the radiation belts of the Earth's magnetic field. The solid body of our planet consists of three main shells: a thin crust, a powerful mantle and a central core (Fig. 6.1.1). On fig. 6.1.1 in the body of the Earth two boundaries are presented: Mohorovich and Konrad.

In 1909, the Yugoslav geophysicist A. Mohorovichić (1857–1936) managed to prove that the outer crust of the Earth differs in its properties from the deeper layers of the planet. During earthquakes, elastic seismic waves propagate in the crust at a lower speed than in deeper layers (upper mantle). Passing from the outer shell to the underlying layer, seismic waves change speed abruptly, can be refracted and reflected. The sole of the outer shell of the Earth was taken as the base of the earth's crust. A. Mohorovichich suggested that the sole of the earth's crust corresponds to the boundary at which the crystalline substance of the earth's crust, due to pressure and high temperature, passes into a glassy state. This border was conventionally called the "Moho border". Observation of the change in gravity and the passage of seismic waves showed that the "Moho border" in different places of the planet lies at different depths: on the continents at 60-100 km, in the oceans at a depth of 5-15 km, on the coasts from 16-60 km. The Earth's substance lying below the "Moho boundary" is considered subcrustal and referred to the mantle.

Rice. 6.1.1. Diagram of the structure of the planet Earth

In 1916, the Austrian geophysicist W. Konrad (1876-1962) managed to establish the boundary separating the "granite" and "basalt" layers of the Earth by increasing the speed of seismic waves.

Geological history of the Earth(on a time scale) is subdivided into large intervals - eras; eras - for periods, periods - for centuries. The division into eras, periods and centuries is, of course, relative, because there were no sharp distinctions between these divisions. But nevertheless, it was at the turn of neighboring eras, periods that significant geological transformations took place: mountain-building processes, redistribution of land and sea, climate change. In addition, each subdivision was characterized by a qualitative originality of flora and fauna.

Geological eras of the Earth:

1) catarchean(from the formation of the Earth 5 billion years ago to the origin of life);

2) archaea, the oldest era (3.5 - 2.6 billion years);

3) Proterozoic(2.6 - 570 million years);

4) Paleozoic(570 - 230 million years) with the following periods:

Cambrian (570 - 500 million years);

Ordovician (500 - 440 million years);

Silurian (440 - 410 million years);

Devonian (410 - 350 million years);

carbon (350 - 285 million years);

Permian (285 million - 230 million years);

5) Mesozoic(230 - 67 million years) with the following periods:

Triassic (230 - 195 million years);

Jurassic (195 - 137 million years);

Cretaceous (137 - 67 million years);

6) Cenozoic ( 67 million - before our time) with the following Paleogene periods (67 - 27 million years),

Paleocene (67 - 54 million years),

Eocene (54 - 38 million years),

Oligocene (38 - 27 million years),

Neogene (27 - 3 million years),

Miocene (27 - 8 million years),

Pliocene (8 - 3 million years);

7) Quaternary(3 million - our time):

Pleistocene (3 million - 20 thousand years),

Holocene (20 thousand years - our time).

2. The designation for a row in a spreadsheet is:

3. The formula bar is used in the spreadsheet to display:

4. Entering formulas into a table starts with a sign:

5. Exactly 20 spreadsheet cells are contained in the range:

6. A group of four adjacent cells was selected in the spreadsheet. This could be a range:

7. Among the entries below, the formula for the spreadsheet is:

8. The numbers 7, 4, 6, 3 are entered into cells A3, A4, V3, B4, respectively. What number will be in cell C1 after entering the formula \u003d SUM (AZ: B4) into this cell?

9. In a spreadsheet, when moving or copying formulas, absolute references:

10. Specify a cell whose address is relative:

11. Specify the cell in the address of which the change of the row name is not allowed:

12.

The value in cell E3 after copying the formula from cell E1 into it will be equal to:

13. Given a fragment of a spreadsheet containing numbers and formulas:

The value in cell E2 after copying the formula from cell E1 into it will be equal to:

14. The formula =C2*D2 is entered into cell E4. The contents of cell E4 were copied into cell F7. What formula will be written in cell F7?

15. Cell B7 contains the formula =$A4+D$3. The formula was copied into cell D7. What formula will be written in cell D7?

16. A street vendor of newspapers receives 3 rubles for selling each of the first 50 newspapers. For the sale of each of the other newspapers, he receives 5 rubles. Cell S3 contains the number of newspapers sold by the seller per day. Which of the formulas allows you to calculate the seller's earnings per day?

17. For a visual representation of the areas of the largest states of the world, it is advisable to use:

18. To visualize the change in air temperature during the month, you should use:

19. Given a fragment of a spreadsheet in formula display mode:

After performing calculations on the values of cells in the range A2:D2, several charts were built. Specify a chart that could not be retrieved.

20. In addition to the mandatory exams in the Russian language and mathematics, each of the 9th grade students chose two more subjects for the final certification. The diagrams show the number of students who chose a particular subject, and the ratio of the number of students in the 9th grade: