Character traits EGP:
Different criteria can be used to evaluate the GWP of African countries. One of the most important is the presence or absence of access to the sea. No other continent has such a number of countries - 15, located far from the seas (sometimes 1.5 thousand km.), As in Africa. Most of the inland countries are among the most backward.
Characteristic features of the geography of natural conditions and resources:
Africa is rich in a variety of minerals. Among the continents, it ranks first in reserves of ores of manganese, chromite, bauxite, gold, platinoids, cobalt, diamonds, and phosphorites. African land resources are significant. Agro-climatic conditions cannot be assessed unambiguously: it is fully provided with heat resources, but water resources are distributed over its territory extremely unevenly. In terms of total forest area, Africa is second only to Latin America and Russia.
Characteristic features of the population:
Africa stands out among the continents with the highest rates of population reproduction. African countries are also leading in size natural increase population. Africa is in the second phase of the demographic transition. Africa is a region of numerous ethnic, or rather, ethno-political conflicts. The average population density in Africa (26 people per 1 km²) is several times less than in overseas Europe and Asia. It is characterized by sharp contrasts in settlement. In terms of urbanization, Africa still lags far behind other regions, but the pace of urbanization is the highest.
Characteristic features of agriculture and industry:
In the sectoral structure, the share of industry and non-production spheres increased. In most countries, the colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy is preserved. The extractive industry primarily determines Africa's place in the international division of labor. Tropical and subtropical agriculture has a pronounced export orientation.
Typical environmental problems in Africa:
The environmental situation in African countries has long been of great concern to the world. The reason for this is the threatening pace and extent of degradation of the natural environment, which is unique in its own way, which is directly related to climate change and the state of ecosystems on the entire planet. The ecological crisis in Africa began long before it acquired alarming proportions and consequences for the local population and nature. African countries face common environmental development challenges:
- demographic growth exceeding the possibilities of growth in food production;
— overexploitation of natural resources;
- overcrowding of cities and the growing phenomenon of "bidonvillization" (formal unemployment of 50-75% of the population of cities);
— weak control of industrial activity (insignificant share of the public sector);
- poverty of the population (traditional condemnation of hoarding and individualism);
- low level of training of specialists and the complexity of the introduction of environmental technologies;
— lack of understanding of the problem and procedure of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in the planning of socio-economic activities and weak participation of the population in this process.
Monocultural specialization - narrow specialization of the country's economy in the production of one, as a rule, raw material or food product, intended mainly for export.
The image of the territory of North Africa.
The total area of North Africa is about 10 million km², the population is about 180 million people. The position of the sub-region is primarily determined by its Mediterranean "facade", thanks to which North Africa actually neighbors with Southern Europe and South-West Asia and gets access to the main sea route from Europe to Asia. The "rear" of the region is formed by the sparsely populated spaces of the Sahara. The economic life of North Africa is concentrated in the coastal zone. Here are the main centers of the manufacturing industry, the main areas of subtropical agriculture, including those on irrigated lands. The southern part of the subregion is very sparsely populated.
The image of the territory of Tropical Africa.
The total area of Tropical Africa is more than 20 million km², the population is 600 million people. Tropical Africa is the most backward part of the entire developing world, within its borders there are 29 least developed countries. Agriculture remains the main sphere of material production. Tropical Africa is the least industrialized (not like Oceania) region of the world. Tropical Africa is the least urbanized region in the world. The quality of the environment is rapidly deteriorating here. In some countries of Tropical Africa, measures are being taken to protect flora and fauna, and national parks are being created.
Overview of South Africa.
The Republic of South Africa (SAR) is a state located in the southern part of the African continent. In the north it borders on Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, in the northeast on Mozambique and Swaziland. Inside the territory of South Africa is the state-enclave of Lesotho.
South Africa is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in Africa and has the largest proportion of white, Indian and mixed populations on the continent. The country has rich mineral resources, and is also the most economically developed on the continent and has a relatively strong global position.
The most important point in the history and politics of South Africa was the racial conflict between the black majority and the white minority. It reached its climax after the apartheid regime (from Afrikaans apartheid) was established in 1948, which lasted until the 1990s. The initiator of the introduction of discriminatory laws was the National Party. This policy led to a long and bloody struggle in which black activists such as Steve Biko, Desmond Tutu and Nelson Mandela played a leading role. Later they were joined by many whites and coloreds (descendants of the mixed population) as well as South Africans of Indian origin. Pressure from the international community also played a certain role in the collapse of apartheid. As a result, the change of the political system took place relatively peacefully: South Africa is one of the few countries in Africa (and, more broadly, of the entire Third World) where there has never been a coup d'état.
The "New South Africa" is often referred to as the "Rainbow Country", a term coined by Archbishop Desmond Tutu (and endorsed by Nelson Mandela) as a metaphor for a new, multicultural and multiethnic society that transcends divisions dating back to the apartheid era.
South Africa is a country that developed nuclear weapons and subsequently abandoned them voluntarily.
Topic keywords:
Colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy- type of economy with the following distinctive features: 1) the predominance of low-commodity, low-productive agriculture, 2) the weak development of the manufacturing industry, 3) a strong backlog of transport, 4) the limitation of the non-productive sphere mainly to trade and services.
Monoculture - as a rule, a commodity or food product, which is a narrow specialization of the state economy, intended mainly for export.
Arabic city type- a type of city, which is characterized by a division into two parts - the old and the new.
Sectoral and territorial structure of the world economy
Scientific and technological revolution and world economy
The video lesson "Sectoral and territorial structure of the world economy" discusses the main features and characteristics of the constituent parts of the world economy. Thanks to this lesson, you will get acquainted with three types of the structure of the world economy, learn how the scientific and technological revolution affects the sectoral structure of the world economy; the teacher will tell you about the main models of the world economy. The lesson details the geographical structural differences in the world economy.
Topic: Scientific and technological revolution and the world economy
Lesson:Sectoral and territorial structure of the world economy
In its development, human society and its economic activity go through three main stages of development: pre-industrial (agrarian), industrial and post-industrial.
pre-industrial society- a society with an agrarian way of life, with a predominance of subsistence farming, a class hierarchy, sedentary structures and tradition-based methods of sociocultural regulation. It is characterized by manual labor, extremely low rates of development of production, which can satisfy the needs of people only at a minimal level. It is extremely inertial, therefore it is not very susceptible to innovations. Most of the population is employed in agriculture. This structure has been preserved in the following countries: Chad, Cameroon, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Rwanda.
industrial society- a society formed in the process and as a result of industrialization, the development of machine production, the emergence of forms of labor organization adequate to it, the application of the achievements of technical and technological progress. It is characterized by mass, in-line production, mechanization and automation of labor, the development of the market for goods and services, the humanization of economic relations, the growing role of management, and the formation of civil society. The industrial structure of the economy is dominated by industry. This structure is typical for the following countries: Qatar, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Gabon, Algeria, Brunei, Libya.
Rice. 1. Industry is the main direction in the industrial structure of the economy
post-industrial society- this is the next stage in the development of society and the economy after the industrial society, the economy of which is dominated by an innovative sector of the economy with a highly productive industry, knowledge industry, with a high share of high-quality and innovative services in GDP, with competition in all types of economic and other activities. The main distinguishing features of the post-industrial society from the industrial - very high labor productivity, high quality of life, the predominant sector innovative economy with high technology and venture business. And the high cost and productivity of high-quality national human capital, generating an excess of innovation that causes competition among themselves. The post-industrial structure is dominated by the service sector, non-material production. This structure is typical for the following countries: USA, France, Japan, Monaco, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, Singapore. Scientific and technological revolution had a significant impact on the formation of the post-industrial structure.
Signs of the post-industrial structure of the economy:
1. Transition from the production of material goods to the production of services.
2. The predominance of knowledge workers.
3. Development of science-intensive industries.
4. Decision making based on modern technologies.
5. Establishment of strict environmental control.
Some authors also distinguish the fourth stage of the development of society - the informational one, others believe that this is the informational phase of development in the post-industrial structure. In the information structure, the role of information is increasing, the number of people employed is increasing. information technology and working with information, informatization of society is growing, etc.
The scientific and technical revolution as a whole had a significant impact on the sectoral structure of material production: the share of industry and the service sector increased, in addition, there was a change in production techniques, the creation of new materials, automation, and much more.
In the era of scientific and technological revolution, the share of manufacturing industries in the sectoral structure of industry increased, which provide approximately 90% of the value of all products. As part of this group, the branches of the so-called avant-garde trio are distinguished:
1. Mechanical engineering.
2. Power industry.
3. Chemical industry.
In addition, thanks to the scientific and technological revolution, changes have also taken place in agriculture, for example, the production of fodder and industrial crops has increased.
Territorial structure of the economy- a set of mutually located territorial elements that are in complex interaction with each other.
As a result, a certain structure (system) of farms may develop on the territory.
System of economic regions(characteristic mainly for developed countries):
1. Highly developed areas.
2. Old industrial areas.
3. Agricultural regions.
4. Areas of new developments.
Rice. 2. Northern Canada - area of new development
Colonial type of economic structure, its distinctive features:
1. The predominance of low-commodity, low-productive agriculture and the mining industry.
2. Weak development of the manufacturing industry.
3. Strong backlog of transport.
4. Restriction of the non-productive sphere, mainly trade and services.
5. The high role and importance of the capitals.
6. The territorial structure of the economy is also characterized by general underdevelopment and strong disproportions remaining from the colonial past.
To smooth out contrasts in the structure of the economy and its location, regional policy- is a system of economic, political, administrative measures aimed at the rational distribution of production and equalization of people's living standards.
Currently, the regional policy is most actively pursued in India, China, Brazil, South Africa, Australia, Nigeria, and Kazakhstan.
Homework
Topic 4, Item 3
1. What types of economic structure do you know? What are the main differences between them?
Bibliography
Main
1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 cells: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.
2. Economic and social geography of the world: Proc. for 10 cells. educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovskiy. - 13th ed. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.
3. Rodionova I.A., Elagin S.A., Kholina V.N., Sholudko A.N. Economic, social and political geography: world, regions, countries. Educational and reference manual / Ed. prof. I.A. Rodionova. - M.: Ekon-Inform, 2008. - 492 p.
4. Atlas with a set of contour maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.
Additional
1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.
2. Korchagin Yu. A. Human capital as an intensive socio-economic factor in the development of personality, economy, society and statehood. - M.: HSE, 2011.
3. Timoshina T.M. Economic history foreign countries. - M.: Yustitsinform, 2006.
4. Grinin L. E. Productive forces and historical process. 3rd ed. - M.: KomKniga, 2006.
5. Bell D. The coming post-industrial society. - M.: Academy, 1999.
6. New post-industrial wave in the West. Anthology ed. V. Inozemtseva. - M.: Academy, 1999.
7. ostina A. V. Trends in the development of the culture of the information society: analysis of modern information and post-industrial concepts // Electronic journal “Knowledge. Understanding. Skill". - 2009. - No. 4.
8. Shendrik A. I. Information society and its culture: contradictions of formation and development // Information humanitarian portal “Knowledge. Understanding. Skill". - 2010. - № 4. - Culturology.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography: a guide for high school students and university applicants. - 2nd ed., corrected. and dorab. - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.
2. Gusarov V.M. Statistics: Proc. allowance / V.M. Gusarov. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2007. - 479 p.
Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination
1. Control and measuring materials. Geography: Grade 10 / Comp. E.A. Zhizina. - M.: VAKO, 2012. - 96 p.
2. Thematic control. Geography. Nature of Russia. Grade 8 / N.E. Burgasova, S.V. Bannikov: Textbook. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2010. - 144 p.
3. Tests in geography: grades 8-9: to the textbook, ed. V.P. Dronova Geography of Russia. Grades 8-9: a textbook for educational institutions ” / V.I. Evdokimov. - M.: Exam, 2009. - 109 p.
4. Geography. Tests. Grade 10 / G.N. Elkin. - St. Petersburg: Parity, 2005. - 112 p.
5. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2009. - 80 p.
6. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.
7. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Textbook / Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012. - 256 p.
8. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.
9. State final certification of graduates of 9 classes in a new form. Geography. 2013: Textbook / V.V. Drums. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2013. - 80 p.
10. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Examination 2011. - M .: MTSNMO, 2011. - 72 p.
11. Tests. Geography. Grades 6-10: Teaching aid / A.A. Letyagin. - M .: LLC "Agency" KRPA "Olimp": Astrel, AST, 2001. - 284 p.
12. USE 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.
13. Tests in geography: Grade 10: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovskiy “Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.
14. The most complete edition of typical options for real tasks of the USE: 2009: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 250 p.
15. Unified state exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for the preparation of students / FIPI - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Federal portal Russian Education ().
4. The official information portal of the exam ().
The division of the world by the 70s of the XIX century.
Chapter 10
Industrial rise of the 60s of the XIX century.
The socio-economic changes brought by the Civil War caused a new rise in the American economy in the 60s. The pace at which the American economy developed during this period was unprecedented in the history of capitalism. For 1860-1870. (See Appendix, Table 4), coal mining increased fivefold, iron smelting increased threefold, and the length of the railway network increased sixfold. By 1870, American industry had taken second place in the world in terms of production (after England). In industry, not only quantitative, but also great qualitative changes took place, especially with regard to the concentration of production: the new enterprises were real giants, equipped with the latest technology. Particularly great shifts took place in mechanical engineering, which determined the complete independence of American industry from England. Per short term The American machine tool park was replenished with new types of metal-cutting machines (turret, milling, etc.) and overtook European equipment in quantity and quality. The United States began to produce various machines and mechanisms on a scale that was then inaccessible to other countries. The World Exhibition in Vienna (1873) clearly demonstrated the production and technical advantage of the United States over Great Britain.
After the middle of the XIX century. oil was discovered in Pennsylvania and later in other states, an oil producing and refining industry arose, which quickly became one of the leading industries in the American economy. On the basis of the invented method of vulcanizing rubber, the rubber industry began to develop.
During the industrial boom of the 60s and 70s, the United States turned into a highly developed industrial country. If in the 50s of the XIX century. The United States, in fact, was still an agrarian country, then in 1880 the value of the gross output of their industry was already 2.5 times the value of agricultural products.
The establishment of the capitalist mode of production in Western Europe and the USA was accompanied by an expansion of the policy of colonialism. The colonial system was of tremendous importance as the most important source of the primitive accumulation of capital and was one of the main conditions for capitalist industry.
As K. Marx pointed out, the colonial system, which was based "on the grossest violence," "contributed to the accelerated growth of trade and shipping." By the end of the XVIII century. a comparatively insignificant part of the globe was occupied by colonial possessions: separate points on the western and eastern coasts and the extreme south of Africa, small territories in India, etc. But by the middle of the XIX century. practically the entire planet was drawn into the orbit of the world market, the expansion of which relied heavily on trade with the colonies.
In the 70s of the XVIII century. European powers and the United States owned 10.8% of Africa, 27.5 - America, 51.5 - Asia, 56.8% - Oceania, the entire Australian mainland. In the XVIII century. France was forced to transfer to England its colony in North America - Canada. France and Portugal were forced out of India by the British. In 1801, the French capitulated in Egypt to the Anglo-Turkish troops. The Malay Peninsula, Ceylon and other territories were taken from the Dutch, which ensured British dominance in India. In the first half of the XIX century. British colonial possessions already included Burma, Australia, New Zealand, part of South Africa. By the 70s, their territory was 22.5 million km 2 (75 times more than the metropolis), and the population was 252 million people (6 times more than in the metropolis). The colonies accounted for 30% of English exports.
England's rivals in the colonial field also sought to expand their possessions. Forced out of America and India, France made colonial conquests in West Africa (Algeria, Gabon, etc.), Indochina. She managed to capture a number of islands in the Pacific Ocean. Indonesia became the main point of the Dutch colonial empire.
At the end of the XVIII - beginning of the XIX century. a period of violent national liberation movement began in Latin America against the Spanish and Portuguese yoke. It was caused by the predatory exploitation of the colonies, unbearably heavy oppression, and at the same time was inspired by the conquest of US independence, the great French bourgeois revolution. As a result of stubborn battles, the troops led by S. Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, General A.Kh. Sucre, first quarter of the 19th century. liberated Venezuela. Ecuador, Chile, Peru and other countries, breaking Spanish rule. Spanish troops were forced to leave Latin America, retaining only Cuba and Puerto Rico. In 1822, the independence of Brazil was proclaimed, freed from the Portuguese colonial oppression. Thus, the mother countries lost political power over the South American countries.
The liquidation of the colonial regime in Latin America dealt a severe blow to Portugal's Spain and definitively reduced them to the status of minor powers. However, they retained significant colonies on other continents.
At that time, the United States of America, which until recently was itself a British colony, embarked on the path of economic and political expansion in relation to the countries of Latin America. In 1823, the United States issued a statement (the "Monroe Doctrine") that any intervention by European powers in the affairs of American states would be regarded as an act hostile to the United States. This doctrine, which proclaimed the slogan "America for the Americans," outwardly seemed to be directed against the encroachments of European reaction, but its inner content consisted in justifying US hegemony on the continent. Indeed, by the end of the nineteenth century The United States, having completed capitalist industrialization, occupied key positions in the foreign trade of Latin American countries. In this way. the conquest of national sovereignty by the countries of this region did not lead to their economic independence.
During this period, many formally independent states were also subjected to predatory exploitation. In fact, Egypt was in a semi-colonial position, having achieved state independence from Turkey. In the middle of the XIX century. economically dependent country becomes China. As a result of the so-called opium wars (1840 - 1842, 1856 - 1860), unequal treaties were tied to China, turning the country into a semi-colony. England seized Hong Kong and obtained important privileges for her merchants there. Having captured a number of bases and strongholds in the Persian Gulf, it is strengthening its military and economic influence in southern Iran and Afghanistan. The penetration of the capitalist powers into Korea and Japan, based on the force of arms, intensified.
These were the methods by which the weak in the military-political and economic terms countries were drawn into world economic turnover and turned into an object of unrestrained exploitation by the colonialists.
Natural conditions, economic and social characteristics predetermined the heterogeneity of the colonies, differences in the types of colonial economy and methods of their exploitation.
From the middle of the XVII century. on the basis of the feudal-slave-owning order planted by the colonialists, the plantation economy began to actively develop in America (Brazil, the Caribbean islands). The slave labor of African slaves played the main role in it. “Slavery gave value to the colonies ... - wrote K. Marx. “Before the establishment of the Negro trade, the colonies provided the Old World with very little food and did not noticeably change the face of the world.”
Plantation commodity production specialized in certain crops (tobacco, cotton, sugar cane, etc.) with a view to their further export. Hence their dependence on the conjuncture of the world market.
After the abolition of slavery in the countries of Latin America, plantations began to be cultivated by peons - laborers who worked for hire, but were actually enslaved together with their families for enslaving commodity loans or small plots of land, since the process of landlessness of the Indian peasant masses was going on in parallel.
In Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, where silver mining was organized in mines, the labor of the enslaved local population was also widely used.
In a number of countries in England, by the time the Europeans turned them into colonies, feudalism had already taken shape in its various varieties. Feudal state formations existed in India, Indonesia, Malaya. The colonialists left the property of local feudal lords intact, but an increasing part of the surplus product appropriated by the feudal rulers passed into the hands of foreign merchants as a result of taxation. Payoffs, non-equivalent exchange, etc. With the establishment of its control in India in the second half of the XVIII century. the British are destroying the patriarchal rural community, planting ugly forms of land tenure, which made it easier for them to exploit the local population and the export orientation of agriculture. The landowners (zamindars) encouraged the cultivation of cotton, sugarcane and other crops that satisfied the needs of Europeans. In the first quarter of the XIX century. in some areas of Dutch Indonesia, the land is proclaimed the property of the colonial state, which levied a tax in cash or in kind up to 50-70% of the crop.
The Dutch and English colonizers made extensive use of coercion in the cultivation of certain crops. The opium poppy kept the Chinese peasants away from rice production; in the coastal regions of Java, each family had to ensure the planting and maintenance of 1,000 coffee trees, as well as growing other crops (indigo, sugarcane, tea, tobacco), the harvest of which was bought up at an extremely low price by government agencies. In addition, the local population was forced to work (corvée) for European officials, serving the feudal lords and government.
A special type of economy was inherent in the colonies of the migrant type (Andean colonies in North America, Australia, New Zealand). Settlers from Europe, who made up the bulk of the population, gradually pushed back and exterminated the local residents. Capturing more and more new territories, they recreated the economic structure of the metropolis, i.e. from the very beginning, the economy of these colonies began to develop along the capitalist path. Political dependence hindered their development, as the colonial authorities systematically suppressed the young local capitalism. As a result, the settlers constantly felt colonial despotism, although they were not subjected to expropriation by the mother country. At the same time, the settlers participated in colonial activities, infringing on the rights of the natives and destroying them themselves. This nature of socio-political relations and the high level of development of the productive forces predetermined the possibility of the complete liberation of part of North America from colonial dependence and the formation of the United States. Other colonies (Canada, Australia, New Zealand), although they did not become independent states, later turned into British dominions, which enjoyed considerable independence.
The economic structure of all resettlement colonies in the 19th century. characterized by the predominant and development of capitalist farming agriculture, industry, the expansion of the domestic and foreign markets.
Agriculture, built on the basis of farming, was the main branch of the Canadian economy. In the middle of the XIX century. in the west of Canada, untouched fertile steppes (prairies) are populated and plowed up, wheat crops are expanding and its export to Europe is growing. Forestry and fishing played an important role. Unlike other colonies in Canada in the 19th century. already had its own manufacturing industry, although it was limited to shipbuilding and the processing of agricultural products. The most important export items were timber, hemp, fish, and grain.
Australia and New Zealand specialized in cattle breeding. These colonies were dominated by large capitalist sheep farms. These farms, which used hired labor, were distinguished by high marketability. Australia became the world's largest supplier of wool. However, the wool trade ended up in the hands of British capital. The powerful gold mines of Australia also belonged to the English bourgeoisie.
general characteristics developing countries More than 130 countries 1. Leaders 1.1. Oil exporting countries - OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 11 Venezuela, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq, Indonesia - Ecuador, Gabon, Oman, Bahrain, Brunei 1.2. New industrial countries(NIS) South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Argentina, India, Mexico, Brazil India, Mexico, Brazil - key third world countries 2. Median group (70). Jordan, Honduras, Ghana. 3. Least developed countries of the world (40). Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Mali, Nepal, Chad, Niger, Haiti. Compound
General characteristics of developing countries Similarities - Significant natural resources - Colonial past - Diversified economy - Rapid population growth - Large number of labor resources - Significant proportion of younger ages - Predominance rural population- Low urbanization - High rates of urbanization - False urbanization - Complicated ethnic composition
General characteristics of developing countries -by number population (India and Grenada) -By mineral endowment (Saudi Arabia, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Paraguay, Sudan) -By GDP per capita (Qatar, Kuwait and Nepal, Chad) Differences
General characteristics of developing countries Colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy - Production sphere prevails - Agriculture prevails - Extractive industries prevail - Plant growing (monoculture) prevails The economy of developing countries has received one-sided agrarian and raw materials development
General characteristics of developing countries Colonial type of territorial structure of the economy São Paulo (Brazil) 30% of industrial production Lima (Peru) 65% of industrial production Montevideo (Uruguay) 75% of industrial production Buenos Aires (Argentina) 1/3 of the population, more than 50% of industrial production
TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD ECONOMY
Types of territorial structure of the economy
Territorial structure- this is a specific distribution of socio-economic objects across the region and a set of stable links between them, the implementation of which is to overcome space by reducing spatial costs.
To characterize the geography of the economy - both the world and individual countries - different terms are used: the location of production (productive forces), territorial organization, etc. But for economic and social geography, the concept of the territorial structure of the economy is especially important.
The territorial structure of the economy (TLS) is a set of mutually located territorial elements in a certain way that are in complex interaction with each other. Such elements are large urban agglomerations, industrial areas, recreational areas, the main transport routes, which in the first frontier Europe, North America, the main transport routes, which primarily determine the geographical pattern of the population and its economic activity. This pattern can be monocentric (single-center), polycentric (multi-center), or mixed.
In economically developed countries For a long time, a territorial structure of the economy has been formed, characterized by a high level of "maturity". This means that their territory is saturated with industrial areas and centers, urban agglomerations, transport hubs and highways, areas of intensive agriculture, recreation and tourism, technological parks that form a kind of supporting frame for the entire territorial structure. These countries have developed a system of four main types of economic regions.
Firstly, these are highly developed areas, characterized by dynamic development. They have the most favorable conditions for attracting science-intensive industries, science and scientific services, and the non-productive sphere. In these areas are the headquarters of the largest firms, and there is, as they say, "decision making".
The US state of California is the largest in the country both in terms of population and economic power. If we consider it as a kind of "state within a state", then in terms of its GDP it is second only to several of the most developed countries in the world, and in terms of per capita GDP it ranks first. California is the area where the most high-tech industries are concentrated.
Secondly, these are old industrial areas, which, as a rule, arose in the era of industrial revolutions of the past. They are usually characterized by such old industries as coal, iron ore, shipbuilding, and the textile industry, i.e., ordinary, ordinary industries prevail over science-intensive ones. Most of the old industrial areas in the homeland of industrial revolutions are in Western Europe.
Thirdly, these are agrarian regions, generally weakly affected by industrialization, not to mention post-industrial development.
Fourthly, these are areas of new development, often difficult to access and sparsely populated due to extreme natural conditions, but rich in diverse natural resources. The achievements of the scientific and technological revolution in the field of engineering and technology made it possible to develop such areas.
Among the main areas of new development are the North of Canada and Alaska, the central, northern and western parts of Australia, the Amazon in South America, Siberia and the Far East in Russia.
In economically developed countries, territorial disproportions between more advanced and more backward regions persist, but they are gradually smoothed out. And the geographical pattern of settlement and economy, the supporting frame of their territory become more complicated.
In developing countries, the geographical pattern of settlement and economy is largely different. The main features of the territorial structure of the economy of the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America were formed during the period when they were in colonial or semi-colonial dependence. And now the so-called colonial type of territorial structure is preserved in many of them. It is characterized by a much lower level of "maturity" - saturation with industrial and agricultural areas, transport routes, strong disunity of individual parts, a kind of patchy use of the territory. And at the same time, the territorial concentration of production and population in most of these countries is much higher than in economically developed ones.
As studies by geographers have shown, the role of the main center, the "focus" of the entire territory in a developing country is usually played by its capital, which often acquires even excessive, hypertrophied development and suppresses the growth of other cities. In coastal countries, the capital usually also serves as the main sea gate.
1/3 of Argentina's population and more than 1/2 of its industrial production are concentrated in Buenos Aires. By the number of inhabitants, it exceeds the next city of the country by 12 times. Buenos Aires is the main seaport of Argentina.
In some cases, the role of the "economic capital" of the country may be played by a non-capital city. Such, for example, are Bombay and Calcutta in India, Sao Paulo in Brazil, Casablanca in Morocco. The territory adjacent to such cities usually forms the most developed region of the country, often with significant industry, actively participating in international trade.
The role of auxiliary centers ("foci") of the territory can also be performed by areas of export specialization. These are areas of either mining or plantation agriculture. They have relatively little connection with the surrounding territory and export their products to the world market through the capital or other specialized port.
The role of the periphery is played by vast inland territories dominated by traditional consumer agriculture. These are the main areas for "pushing out" the surplus population to the capital and large port cities, to plantations and mines. It is no coincidence that in the literature they are often referred to as "internal colonies".
"Two countries in one country" - this expression, perhaps, best describes the main feature of the geographical pattern of most developing countries. The world of large cities, as it were, opposes the rest of the territory in them.
Comparison of the territorial structure of economically developed and developing countries.
