Tourism statistics is a branch of socio-economic statistics and examines the development of tourism and the tourism industry.

Basic concepts of tourism:

• - sanatorium and resort organizations - medical and preventive organizations equipped with beds and providing prevention and rehabilitation treatment of the population, mainly based on the use of the healing properties of natural healing factors. These include a sanatorium, sanatoriums, boarding houses with treatment, etc. Recreation organizations are health-improving organizations intended for recreation. These include houses, boarding houses and other recreation organizations, tourist bases. They provide accommodation, meals and tourist and excursion services.
• - sanatorium-resort organizations and recreation organizations are located, as a rule, within resorts, health-improving areas, in suburban areas.
• - recreational network is a set of recreational institutions located in the country (republic, region, district). These include institutions of health-improving recreation, sports and educational tourism. The main indicator of the development of the recreational network is the density of recreational institutions, equal to the number of places in them per 1 thousand square meters. km of territory. In accordance with this, the territories are divided by force, medium and poorly developed recreationally. The functional development of recreational institutions is due to their focus on one or another type of recreational activity.
• - demographic characteristics (gender of consumers, their age, number of family members) are among the sufficiently used. This is due to the availability of characteristics, their stability over time, as well as the very close relationship between them and demand. By age, the following segments can be distinguished, which should correspond to a different offer of a tourist product:
• - children (under 14 years old) traveling both with their parents and without them;
• - youth (15-24 years old);
• - relatively young, economically active people (25-44 years old) traveling with families (with children);
• - economically active people of middle age (45-60 years) traveling without children;
• - older tourists (60 years and older).

The first segment related to children's tourism depends on the decision of parents and adults. Young people, in general, prefer relatively cheap travel using less comfortable accommodation and transport. For people aged 25-44 years, the prevalence of family tourism is characteristic, therefore, it is necessary to be able to use playgrounds for games, children's pools, etc. Consumers aged 45-60 place increased demands on comfort and convenience, meaningful excursion programs. Tourism of the "third" age requires not only comfort, but also the possibility of obtaining qualified medical care, personal attention from the attendants.

Socio-economic characteristics suggest the allocation of consumer segments based on the commonality of social and professional affiliation, education and income level. The level of income in the family has a significant impact on tourist behavior. A number of researchers argue that the level of income is one of the criteria for belonging to the upper, middle or lower strata of society. It is known that the financial situation of a person affects his needs, preferences, and consumer choice. Differences in the material situation of the population give rise to heterogeneity of tourist demand. On the one hand, tourist demand is expanding due to the increasing involvement in tourism of people with an average and even relatively low income, as the need for recreation associated with a change of scenery, with travel, becomes one of the main ones. On the other hand, the demand for tourist travel continues to come from high-income individuals. The offer of a tourist product for these two different groups should be different. If the former are interested in trips that allow them to get the maximum discount, the main purpose of their trip is seaside vacation, while the choice of vacation spot is mainly determined by the price level. Their principle is to get everything in full for their money. The second prefer individual travel. Having mostly higher education, they are interested in educational trips, striving for a change of impressions. There are two age categories: middle and "third" age. If the persons of the "third" age travel in groups, then the representatives of the middle age prefer individual trips or trips in small groups of friends and acquaintances. These people are interested in long-distance travel lasting 2-3 weeks. Tourists are interested in souvenirs, and these can be expensive items, indicating that people have made a long exotic journey.

There are the following types of tourism:

• - route-cognitive;
• - sports and recreation;
• - business and congress - tourism;
• - resort;
• - medical;
• - festival;
• - hunting;
• - ecological;
• - shop - tourism;
• - religious;
• - educational;
• - ethnic, etc.

Seasonal fluctuations and climatic conditions of the country also affect the tourist demand. They have the following features: in the northern hemisphere, the highest intensity of demand occurs in the third quarter of the year, as well as during the Christmas and Easter holidays. The seasonality of demand varies by type of tourism and territories. Thus, medical and educational tourism is subject to seasonality to a lesser extent, and sea and ski tourism to a greater extent. Different areas of residence have specific forms of seasonal unevenness. This gives the right to talk about the specifics of the uneven demand in a particular region, country, on a global scale. The seasonal nature of consumer preferences plays a big role in choosing a place of rest. For example, the Mediterranean resorts of Turkey are rapidly developing, where there is a long tourist season. These resorts are very popular with Russians, because when you go on vacation in a cold autumn or winter, you can enjoy the Mediterranean Sea and the mild climate at this time. Moreover, the tourist is favored by the developing policy of Turkey, as a result of which it is possible to combine high-quality and inexpensive holidays.

There are four seasons of tourist activity:

• - peak season - the period most favorable for the organization of recreational activities of people, characterized by the maximum density of tourists and the most comfortable conditions for recreation.
• - high season - the period of the greatest business activity in the tourist market, the time of the highest tariffs for the tourist product and services.
• - low season - the season of decline in business activity in the tourism market, which is characterized by the lowest prices for tourism products and services.
• - season "dead" - the period most unfavorable for the organization of recreational activities (for example, uncomfortable weather conditions).

So, each tourist chooses for himself the season that is most suitable for meeting his needs and requests.

By type of entrepreneurial activity are divided into:

• - producers of a tourist product - travel companies: a travel agent and a tour operator, work to make a profit and satisfy the needs of tourists.
• - tour operator - a legal entity or an individual entrepreneur, carrying out activities on the basis of a license for the formation, promotion and sale of a tourist product.
• - travel agent - a legal entity or an individual entrepreneur, carrying out activities on the basis of a license to promote and sell a tourist product.

Tour operators and travel agents are part of the tourism industry.

Depending on what exactly attracts tourists and how they travel, as well as on many other factors, it is possible to make a classification by type of tourism: By purpose of activity, by method of conduct, by the number of participants in the trip, by the use of vehicles, by travel geography.

Currently, there is a Resort Council under the head of the resort city as a public advisory body. Its representation is limited to members of the public sector - the most authoritative leaders of the resort's health resorts and representatives of the administration, whose functions are aimed at infrastructural support and the normal functioning of the resort. It is this function of taking care of the general needs of the resort that is the main one. There was no place in the Resort Council for representatives of the tourism industry and the private sector involved in serving tourists. Therefore, it cannot adequately express the interests of all sectors of tourism.

Another organizing center in the field of tourism, namely in the excursion service for tourists, is the Coordination Center for excursion services and the Methodological Council for excursion work. The Coordination Center was established under the Department of Culture of the Executive Committee, is a public association of leaders of tourist and excursion companies and entrepreneurs involved in tourism and excursion activities.

The subject of tourism statistics is a survey of the quantitative side of the state and development of the tourism industry in close connection with the qualitative side.

The main purpose of tourism statistics is the statistical survey of phenomena, both limited to the leisure markets and covering the world travel market, in the interrelationship of various characteristics of tourism, both for independent analysis of activities in this area, and for use as a data source for the development of tourism-related payment indicators. balance sheet and accounts of the SNA.

The main objectives of tourism statistics are the organization of statistical observation of tourist flows, places of their accommodation, travel characteristics, wholesale and retail trade, transport, construction, employment, financial intermediation, income and expenses associated with tourism based on a unified scientific methodology that complies with international rules and regulations. standards.

Tourism in the view of most people is associated with relaxation, new experiences, pleasure. It has firmly entered the life of a person with his natural desire to discover and know unexplored lands, monuments of nature, history and culture, customs and traditions of different peoples.

What is less well known is that tourism is one of the largest, highly profitable and most dynamic sectors of the economy. More than 250 million people are employed in the tourism sector, i.е. every tenth worker in the world. It accounts for 7% of total investment, 11% of global consumer spending, 5% of all tax revenue and a third of global trade in services. Tourism has a huge impact on such key sectors of the economy as transport and communications, trade, construction, agriculture, production of consumer goods and many others, acting as a catalyst for socio-economic development. Experts predict that the 21st century will become the century of tourism.

Analysis of the current state of the market of tourist goods and services, the prospects for its development and the contribution of tourism to the global and national economy is extremely important. However, before diving into the current problems of the tourism business, it is advisable to reveal the content of the concept of "tourism".

§ 1. Definition of tourism

Having a long history, tourism has not yet received an unambiguous definition and is interpreted differently not only by individual specialists, but also by tourist organizations. As a complex socio-economic phenomenon, it has not been sufficiently studied and is difficult to quantify.

The existing definitions of tourism can be grouped into two groups. Some of them, workers, are of a highly specialized nature, relate to certain economic, social, legal and other aspects of tourism or its specific features and act as a tool for solving specific problems (for example, defining tourism for statistical purposes). Other, conceptual, or essential, definitions cover the subject as a whole, reveal the inner content of tourism, expressed in the unity of the whole variety of properties and relationships, and make it possible to distinguish it from similar, often interconnected, but alien phenomena.

Statistical definition of tourism. In statistics, tourism is understood as one of the forms of population migration that is not associated with a change of residence or job. The need for its definition arose in the first half of the 20th century. and was due to the widespread increase in tourist flows, the growing economic importance of tourism and, as a result, attempts to statistically account for travelers.

One of the first definitions of a tourist belonged to the Committee of Experts on Statistics of the League of Nations (1937). It received international recognition and has mostly survived to this day with some later amendments. In recent decades, the problem of defining a tourist has been discussed at meetings of the International Union of Official Tourism Organizations (Dublin, 1950; London, 1957), at the UN Conference on International Tourism and Travel (Rome, 1963), and the WTO Congress (Manila, 1986). d.), the Inter-Parliamentary Conference on Tourism (The Hague, 1989), etc., which indicates the theoretical and practical significance of the definition of a tourist, as well as the desire to make it more complete and accurate, taking into account new trends and phenomena.

At present, the definition developed by the International Conference on Travel and Tourism Statistics (Ottawa, 1991) and approved by the WTO and the UN Statistical Commission is widely used in international practice. According to him,

a tourist is a visitor, i.e. "a person who travels and stays in places outside his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months for any purpose other than engaging in activities paid from sources in the place visited."

The proposed definition made it possible to more clearly outline that part of travelers who is the object of statistical research in tourism. In the outcome documents of the Ottawa Conference and the WTO Technical Handbook, a tourist is defined as a visitor. This concept is recommended to be used as a key concept in tourism statistics. It extends along with tourists to sightseers who share common characteristics. The differences that exist between them do not affect the essence of the phenomenon, so sightseeing trips are increasingly considered as a special case of tourism and are reflected in tourist statistical reference books.

There are three main features that allow you to combine tourists and sightseers into a category of visitors and at the same time distinguish from other travelers: movement outside the usual environment, duration of stay at the destination and purpose of the trip.

Departure outside the usual environment- the first criterion for the classification of travelers. The term "usual environment" was coined at the Ottawa Conference in order to exclude from the number of visitors people who make daily trips from home to work (study) and back. They do not leave their usual environment and are not considered tourists.

In the recommendations on tourism statistics of the WTO, the parameters of the usual environment are characterized by two indicators: the frequency of visits to the site and its remoteness. Places that a person visits regularly are part of his usual environment, even if they are at a considerable distance from his place of residence. On this basis, for example, residents of border areas who work on the territory of a neighboring state and have repeatedly traveled abroad cannot be classified as international tourists.

In addition, the usual environment includes objects in the immediate vicinity of a person's place of residence, regardless of the frequency of their visit. Such an interpretation follows from the psychological perception by people of these objects, not only industrial, but also natural and cultural, as elements of everyday life. It is unlikely that anyone will consider going to the theater located next door as a tourist event. It will not be reflected in tourism statistics either.

The concept of the usual environment causes heated debate among specialists. The definition of the concept itself and, which is especially important for statistics, the threshold values ​​for the distance that must be covered in order to be considered a visitor and the frequency of visiting an object remain debatable. They differ significantly from country to country and require specific adjustments on a case-by-case basis.

duration of stay- the second criterion for selecting the statistical population of visitors. It is introduced in the development of the concept of the usual environment and makes it possible to distinguish tourists and sightseers from residents. The length of stay is limited to 12 months, after which the visitor becomes a permanent resident and is not counted in tourism statistics. In the case of returning to their former place of residence for a short visit (for example, to visit relatives and friends), this person is registered as a visitor to this territory. In Spain and Italy - the leading tourist destinations in Southern Europe - emigrants coming to their home countries make up the majority of the inbound tourist flow.

Purpose (motive) of the trip- the third sign of visitors. Unlike other travelers, they are driven by tourist motives, which are interpreted very broadly in official documents and scientific literature. For the convenience of statistical accounting of visitors, on the recommendation of the WTO, tourist goals were combined into several blocks: leisure, recreation, recreation; visiting relatives and friends; business and professional goals (participation in business meetings, conferences, congresses, etc.); treatment; worship of religious shrines (pilgrimage); other tourist purposes.

At first glance, the statistical aggregate of visitors seems to be very motley and heterogeneous. Despite the unequal duration of travel, geography of travel, modes of transportation, all these persons are united in one category and are opposed to all those who travel in search of work and for paid activities.

Classification by purpose (motives) of travel reflects the different economic nature of the two categories of migrants. The specifics of each become quite apparent when traveling abroad, although the classification applies to both domestic and international travelers. From an economic point of view, persons who have received jobs abroad are producers of goods and services, i.e. gross domestic product of a foreign country. For their work, they receive a reward - a certain amount of money, which they transfer to their homeland. Therefore, in financial terms, the paid activity of foreign citizens is associated with an outflow of currency (expenses) from the country of their temporary residence and income (income) for the country of their permanent residence.

Unlike producers of material goods and services as a category of travelers, visitors are consumers of the national product. The money that tourists and sightseers spend on travel makes them consumers.

Information about travel expenses is extremely scarce. But it is known that in the UK they make up 19% of the average annual family budget of the British, second only to the cost of food and housing. In Germany, the same figure is 16%, in France and the United States, 12% each. The average American family spends about $4,000 on travel. dollars a year, as much as she spends on medicine or on food, drink and tobacco combined and twice as much as on clothes.

The consumer nature of the stay of visitors abroad determines a certain direction of cash flows in the world economy. Tourists and sightseers move the money supply from the country of permanent residence to the host country. Citizens traveling for pleasure, for business, medical or religious purposes, with all the differences in motives for staying abroad, import currency into the host country and equally increase foreign exchange earnings in its budget. Therefore, their association into an independent category of visitors is economically justified.

To determine the prospects for the development of tourism infrastructure, primarily the accommodation base, it is of great importance to isolate visitors from the number of travelers, followed by the selection of overnight visitors - tourists, and one-day visitors - sightseers from the population thus obtained.

So, the concept of "tourist" as a special case of a visitor is used in relation to a person who has left the usual environment, is in a visited place temporarily, travels for recreational, business and other tourist purposes. Only the presence of all these features, without exception, allows us to consider a traveler as a tourist.

Essential definition of tourism. With the development of scientific knowledge about tourism, the latter appears as a systematic object of study. Working definitions, limited by narrow sectoral boundaries, do not reveal the full variety of internal and external relations of this socio-economic phenomenon. Therefore, there is a need for a conceptual, or essential, definition of tourism. It forms a comprehensive understanding of the subject of research.

In the scientific literature on tourism there is no unambiguous definition of it. But despite the difference in wording, all authors include in the concept of "tourism" tourist needs and motivations, the peculiarities of the behavior of tourists, their stay outside their permanent residence, the economic relations that develop between tourists and producers of goods and services, the interaction of the tourism sector with the surrounding natural, economic and other macro environments. The essential definition of tourism proposed by the International Association of Scientific Experts in the field of tourism has become widespread among specialists. According to him,

tourism is "a set of relationships and phenomena that arise during the movement and stay of people in places other than their permanent place of residence and work."

In domestic literature, the fundamental model of the territorial recreational system was developed in the mid-70s by a group of scientists led by prof. V.S. Preobrazhensky and was further developed in the works of prof. N.S. Mironenko and I.T. Tverdokhlebova.

In order to understand the whole multitude of intricate processes occurring in tourism as an economic system, we will present it in the form of a cyclic model with a continuous series of acts of production and consumption of tourist products. To avoid overloading the model, let's abstract away the physical flow and focus on cash flow.

Knowledge of the nature and functions of various elements of this system, as well as the existing relationships between them, allows us to understand its behavior, to reveal the mechanism of functioning. In the figure on the left is the sector of visitors. They act as buyers of tourist demand. Each person strives to satisfy his needs as much as possible, including in recreation. He expresses the demand for travel by paying for tourist goods and services. Spending funds, the visitor "votes" with banknotes for the further development of tourism.

Customers are confronted by vendors (on the right). Producers of goods and services form a tourist offer. They acquire productive resources (labor, land, capital), combine them in the process of producing tourism products and sell the created benefits to visitors, receiving income from sales. Being consumed, goods and services complete their cycle, followed by a new one - as a result of the reuse of existing factors of production.

The expansion of tourism activities, the arrangement of new recreational areas, the construction of resort complexes require large capital investments. As a rule, large projects are financed from different sources. State structures, private financial institutions (national and foreign), international organizations, etc. take part in their implementation on a shared basis.

Rising capital investment and an increase in real output driven by rising tourist demand are sure signs of an upswing in economic activity. The growth momentum that originated in the tourism sector is transmitted along the chain to other sectors of the economy. Investment activity unfolds in them, new jobs are created, trade turnover expands and, as a result, incomes increase - wages, rent, interest and profit. Part of the income received, which also tends to grow, goes to the state in the form of taxes. In addition, the treasury is replenished by import customs duties. The funds collected in this way can again be used to finance tourism projects, provide material assistance in organizing recreation for socially vulnerable groups of the population, develop a system of professional training for tourism personnel, etc.

By distributing funds for new construction and major refurbishment of tourist facilities, the state and other investors seek to benefit from loans. They expect to return the invested capital and interest on it in time. Material interests force investors to look for the best lending conditions. For this purpose, they enter foreign tourist markets, becoming exporters of capital. All this gives reason to consider tourism as a market system.

Tourism is a complex entity. As something whole, it appears primarily in relations with the surrounding macro-environments: political, economic, social, technological and environmental. The outside world is actively influencing tourism, in some cases opening up great opportunities for it, in others - threatening new dangers. For sustainable development, he is forced to adapt to changes in the external environment.

In March 1993, the UN Statistical Commission adopted the developed WTO Standard International Classification of Activities in Tourism (SIKTA) - recommendations on tourism statistics. The adoption of these recommendations is an important milestone in the improvement of tourism statistics and their comparability at the international level. This document defines terms such as tourism, tourist, visitor, excursionist , types of tourism are determined depending on the purpose of the trip, duration, means of transport and other indicators, recommendations are given for collecting statistical data.

The tasks of SIKTA are:

• * promoting the formation of a comprehensive statistical picture of tourism;
• * provide a framework for the comparability of national and international tourism statistics;
• * providing tourism professionals with more accurate knowledge of tourism products, services, markets and the state of the sector;
• * providing a clearer assessment of the state of the balance of payments and the contribution of tourism to international trade flows, etc.

Tourism - activities of persons traveling and staying in places outside their usual habitat for a period not exceeding one year, for the purpose of leisure, business and other purposes, but not for the purpose of engaging in activities paid at the place of stay.

The term "usual habitat" was introduced to avoid inclusion in tourism statistics of persons who make short (daily or weekly) trips between home and work (study) or other places of permanent visit.

Types of tourism

In relation to a particular country (region), the following types of tourism are distinguished (Fig. 3.1):

• a) domestic tourism - tourist trips of residents of any country in their own country;
• b) inbound tourism- travel in any country of persons who are not its inhabitants;
• in) outbound tourism- travel of residents of a country to another country.

Rice. 3.1.

These main types of tourism can be combined in different ways, forming the following categories of tourism (Fig. 3.1):

• a) tourism within the country . Includes both domestic and inbound tourism;
• b) national tourism . Covers both domestic and outbound tourism;
• in) international tourism. Consists of inbound and outbound tourism.

Not only tourists travel, but also travelers, visitors, overnight visitors, day visitors.

All types of travelers involved in tourism are defined as visitors. In this regard, the term "visitor"(visitor) represents the basic concept of the whole system of tourism statistics.

Traveler (traveler) is a person who moves between two or more countries, two or more points of the country of his permanent residence.

international traveler - is a person who moves outside the country of his residence (regardless of the purpose of his trip and the means of transport used, including walking).

inner traveler is a person who moves within the country of residence (regardless of the purpose of his trip and the means of transport used, including movement on foot).

These concepts do not coincide with the concept of "passenger" used in transport statistics, as it does not include crew members and passengers traveling free of charge and at reduced fares.

There are two categories of travelers: visitors and travelers not included in tourism statistics. As a result, the term “visitor” is the base term in the general statistical system of tourism.

There are three main factors that distinguish visitors from other travelers:

• 1. The trip must be to a place outside the place of permanent residence, thus excluding regular travel between the place of residence and the place of work or study.
• 2. Stay in the visited place should not exceed 12 months without interruption. After this period, the visitor has the status of living in this place (in terms of statistics).
• 3. The purpose of the trip must be different from the work-related purpose.

International visitors

For statistical purposes, WTO documents define the terms "international visitor" and "domestic visitor".

International visitor means any person who travels to a country other than his country of usual residence and outside his usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months, and whose main purpose of travel is not to engage in an activity paid from a source in the area visited country.

International visitors include: tourists (overnight visitors) and day visitors (sightseeing visitors).

International tourist (overnight visitor) -- a visitor who spends at least one night in a collective or individual accommodation facility in the visited country.

International day visitor (tourist) - a visitor who does not spend the night in a collective or individual accommodation facility in the visited country.

The basic concept behind the classification of international visitors is classification by place of residence rather than nationality.

Foreigners residing in a country are counted in outbound tourism statistics together with the residents of that country.

Nationals living abroad who come to their country temporarily are treated as non-resident visitors.

A person is considered to be resident in a given country if:

• * lives in this country for most of the past year;
• * lives in this country for a shorter period, but with the intention of returning here in the next 12 months for permanent residence.

Domestic visitors

Internal visitor means any person residing in a country and traveling to a place in that country outside his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose of travel is not to engage in a source-paid activity in the visited place. Domestic visitors include tourists (overnight visitors) and day visitors (sightseeing visitors).

Domestic tourist (overnight visitor) - a visitor who spends at least one night in a collective or individual accommodation facility in the visited place.

Domestic day visitor - a visitor who does not spend the night in a collective or individual accommodation facility in the visited place.

• * sightseers who can cross the border of the country of visit for sightseeing purposes within one day and return back without spending the night there (for example, within Europe or within border tourism);
• * cruise passengers who stay on board a cruise ship and return to the ship for an overnight stay every evening, even if the ship stays in port for several days. This group includes owners and passengers of yachts, as well as passengers - members of group travel by train, spending the night in it;
• * crew members who spend the night not in the accommodation facilities of the host country, but on board the ship.

Classification of tourist demand by purpose of travel

One of the main characteristics of demand in tourism is the purpose of the trip. The WTO recommends that the main purpose of the trip be indicated in the personal data. Additional purposes may also be included in the questionnaire (for example, leisure and business purposes, leisure and visiting relatives) in order to better define the specifics of each trip.

The classification of tourist demand by purpose of travel can be applied both in international and domestic tourism in order to identify key segments of tourist demand. Data on the main purposes of travel contributes to better planning, promotion in the market and sale of tours. Information about the purpose of the trip is also necessary to determine the consumption and expenses of the visitor.

For outbound, inbound and domestic tourism, the following is recommended trip motivation classification:

• 1. Leisure, recreation and recreation: sightseeing, shopping, participation in sports and cultural events, entertainment and cultural activities, active amateur sports, mountain climbing, resort holidays, use of beaches, games, honeymoon trips, etc.
• 2. Visiting friends and relatives which also includes participation in funerals, caring for the disabled, etc.
• 3. Business and professional goals: business trips; participation in meetings, conferences and congresses; commercial fairs and exhibitions; incentive tours; trips with lectures and concerts; organization of tourist trips (FAM-tours), work as guides and other tourism workers; participation in the activities of professional sports; government missions; studies in advanced courses, i.e. all trips related to the professional activities of the visitor, but without earning money at the place of visit.
• 4. Treatment: sea, thermal and other resorts; health care service.
• 5. Religion/Pilgrimage: educational trips of religious or religious-historical content, participation in religious events, pilgrimages.
• 6. Other purposes: crews of aircraft and ships used as public transport, transit and other activities.

Statistics showing the length of stay or trip (number of overnight stays) are important because, on the one hand, it is one of the main indicators of tourism volumes and, on the other hand, it is a necessary indicator to determine the visitor (no more than 12 months) staying tourist and day visitor (tourist). The duration of the trip allows you to estimate the travel expenses.

For the host country or locality, the indicator is used "duration of stay", for the sending country or locality - trip duration.

Means of transport for tourists

For statistics, data on the use of vehicles are of great importance. The recommendations for tourism statistics propose the following classification system:

• * air Transport - scheduled flights, non-scheduled flights, other air transportation;
• * water transport - passenger lines and ferries, cruises, other;
• *land transport - rail transport, intercity and city buses and other public road transport, as well as private cars (up to 8 people), rental vehicles, other land vehicles.

Tourist accommodation facilities

Also important are data on accommodation facilities (which accommodation facilities are used more often, by what categories of tourists and for what purposes, for what length of stay). All this makes it possible to determine the volume of income of the hotel sector, the impact of tourist flows on them, as well as the costs of tourists.

Types of accommodation facilities.

Collective accommodation facilities:

• 1) hotels and similar establishments;
• 2) specialized institutions - health-improving institutions, public means of transport, labor and recreation camps, congress centers;
• 3) other collective establishments - dwellings intended for recreation, camping grounds, other collective establishments.

Individual accommodation facilities:

• 1) own dwellings;
• 2) rented rooms;
• 3) dwellings rented from individuals or agencies;
• 4) accommodation provided free of charge by relatives or acquaintances;
• 5) other accommodation on an individual basis.

Travel expenses

Traveler spending is an important indicator for tourism statistics. It shows how tourism affects the economic condition of the country.

Travel expenses defined as the total amount of consumer spending made by or on behalf of a visitor in preparation for, during the trip and while at the destination.

International tourism includes the following payments.

INCOMING TOURISM:

• 1. International tourism receipts is the expenditure of international incoming visitors, including their payments to national carriers for international transport. They must also include any other advance payments for goods (services) received in the country of destination. They should also include receipts from day visitors (unless they are important enough to justify inclusion in a separate category). In order to comply with the recommendations of the International Monetary Fund on the balance of payments, it is recommended that receipts from international transportation be placed in a separate category, which makes it possible to determine the total amount of receipts from international inbound tourism and characterizes its benefits to the country of visit.
• 2. Receipts from international transportation-- is any payments to carriers registered in the respective country, made by foreign visitors, regardless of whether they went to that country or not. This category corresponds to the Transportation, Passenger Services, Credit section of the International Monetary Fund Standard Reporting Form.

OUTBOUND TOURISM:

• 1. International travel expenses- this is the expenses of visitors traveling to other countries, including their payments to foreign carriers for international transportation. They should also include the costs of permanent residents of a country traveling abroad as day visitors (unless these trips are of such importance as to justify inclusion in a separate category). In order to comply with the recommendations of the International Monetary Fund on the balance of payments, it is recommended that international transportation costs be placed in a separate category. The sum of these expenses is the total amount of international tourism expenses of citizens traveling abroad.
• 2. International transport charges are any payment to carriers registered abroad by any person resident in the counting country. This category corresponds to the "Carriage, Services to Passengers, Debit" section of the International Monetary Fund Standard Reporting Form.

A well-designed system of statistical accounting of tourism expenditures and receipts can show the real contribution of tourism to the country's economy.

The contribution of inbound tourism is well known. Foreign currency receipts from foreign tourists, consumer spending in the country while traveling - all this has a beneficial effect on the development of the economy. But quite often an erroneous opinion is created about the unprofitability of outbound tourism for the national economy, since with its help 100% of the money spent on it by tourists is exported. This opinion is created due to insufficiently developed statistical accounting. If you bring the cost of international transportation into a separate category, you can see that up to 60% of the funds spent by our tourists on a trip abroad remain in Russia, with our carriers. After all, it is known that in the structure of the price of a tour package, transport costs are approximately 30-60%. Russian tourists fly to distant countries mainly by flights of domestic airlines, and the cost of ground transport is 90-95% borne by national companies. Without a significant outbound flow of travelers, the domestic transport system can suffer enormous losses, and hence the economy of the state as a whole.

If we add here the income of travel agencies and enterprising tour operators that remain in the country's economy, then it is clear that it is not entirely true to talk about the unprofitability of outbound tourism for the national economy. It is important that tourism develop in all directions - this is the most profitable option.

For a more detailed analysis of tourism expenditures and receipts, the World Tourism Organization recommends introducing separate statistical accounting and classify them according to the following parameters:

• 1. Package trips, vacation packages and package tours.
• 2. Accommodation.
• 3. Food and drinks.
• 4. Transport.
• 5. Recreational, cultural and sporting events.
• 6. Shopping.
• 7. Other.

At the national or regional level, additional parameters of tourism statistics not mentioned above may be introduced.

If tourism is properly included in a statistical framework designed adequately to the structure of expenditures and receipts, it will be possible to see the relationship of tourism with other sectors of the economy and its respective importance and impact.

1) Valid N - number of observations;

2) Kendall Tau - the value of the Kendell coefficient t; …

3) p-level– appropriate level of significance: if p< 0.05, then a decision is made on the presence of a statistically significant relationship.

RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF TOURISM AND SERVICE

Yerevan branch

M.G. Stakyan

B2.C.OD.1 TOURISM STATISTICS

lecture notes

(specialty 100400.62 "Tourism")

YEREVAN-2013

PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

TOURISM AS A STATISTICAL OBJECT

STUDIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

History of the development of tourism statistics and its subject

studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Object of study, methods and tasks of tourism statistics. . . . 6

The main classifications used in tourism. . . . eight

System of indicators of tourism statistics. . . . . . . . ten

STATISTICAL STUDY OF TOURIST

ENTERPRISES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fifteen

Modern organization of tourism. . . . . . . . . . fifteen

Tourist accommodation statistics. . . . . . . . 17

Statistics of sanatorium and health resorts

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

STATISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM. . . . 22

Tourism as a type of international activity, its classification

Fiction, goals and meanings. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Subject, object and tasks of tourism statistics. . . . . . 24

System of indicators of international tourism statistics. . 24

Tourism income and expenditure statistics. . . . . . . 25

Methods for obtaining information on tourism statistics. . . 26

International tourism market statistics and

Tourist services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Statistics of international tourism services. . . . . . . 27

LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

FOREWORD

Modern tourism is a complex socio-economic system that has been formed in the process of long historical development. Since ancient times, mankind has been known for traveling to discover new lands, trade, education, pilgrimage, treatment, etc.

With the development of tourism, both its goals and the means of transportation and accommodation of travelers, as well as the number of tourists themselves, have changed. In the post-war decades, tourism acquires a mass character; at the same time, in many countries, "a powerful leisure industry with its own product, production cycle, methods of organizing and managing production" is being formed.

TOURISM AS AN OBJECT OF STATISTICAL STUDY

Today, in world practice, the tourism sector accounts for 6% of the world national product, 7% of global investment, every 16th job and 5% of all tax revenues.

Given the huge impact of tourism on the development of the country's economy, tourism statistics have faced special requirements and tasks. First of all, it is necessary to study the methodological problems of calculating the statistical indicators of tourism, identifying the patterns of development of the tourism market, its impact on other sectors of the economy and the standard of living of the population.

The history of the development of tourism statistics and the subject of its study

Statistical work in the field of tourism appeared at the end of the 19th century. So, in 1883 in Zurich, the economist Fleiler made a report on the state of the hotel industry, in which he revealed the prospects for the development of Switzerland's natural resources to involve them in tourism. In 1895, he published a work entitled "Toward the Development of Tourism Statistics", in which he proposed using indicators such as the number of tourists, the number of places to accommodate them, and the number of workdays sold in the statistical analysis of tourism services.

In 1884, a congress was held in the city of Graz (Austria) on the development of tourism in the Austrian Alps.

In 1899, in Italy, the Directorate of the Statistical Service published a report entitled "The Movement of Foreigners in Italy and the Expenditure of Funds."

In 1905, the Dictionary of the Swiss National Economy was published, which contains an article on the development of tourism in the country until 1900.

In 1927, an economic encyclopedia of the state economy was published in Germany, including issues related to tourism. In 1934, I. Glucksman's book "Tourism" was published in Switzerland. Being the head of the Berlin Institute of Economics, in 1941 in the city of Bern and in the city of St. Galen he created 2 scientific centers whose activities are devoted to the study of tourism. Each of the leaders of these centers - Dr. Hunziker and Dr. Krapf - subsequently became the founders of the scientific study of tourism. Their joint work "The main features of the doctrine of tourism" received international recognition.

In the second half of the XX century. scientific and educational institutes for tourism research are being created: in Geneva (Switzerland) - the International Institute for Tourism Research; in Germany - scientific and research institutes at Munich and Frankfurt am Main universities; in Austria - the Institute for Training Personnel for Tourism at the Higher School of World Trade in Vienna; in France - the Institute of Tourism Economics at the University of Aix, as well as in Spain, Belgium, the USA, Mexico and other countries.

Subject study of tourism statistics is a quantitative description of tourism and tourism services, their status, dynamics, as well as an assessment of the contribution of tourism to the country's economy.

The word "tourism" in the original sense meant the movement and temporary stay of people outside their permanent place of residence. However, in the process of historical development, the content and meaning of this concept has constantly undergone changes and additions. Thus, according to the definition adopted by the UN in 1954, "tourism is an active recreation that affects the promotion of health, the physical development of a person, associated with movement outside the permanent place of residence."

In the future, the problem of determining the category of tourism was given attention at the International Conference on Tourism organized by the UN (Rome, 1963), International Congresses on Tourism (Lausanne, 1954, 1971), Scientific Conference on Tourism Problems (Varna, 1968), Congress of the World Tourism Organization (Manila, 1986).

In 1993, the UN Statistical Commission adopted a broader definition of tourism: "Tourism is the activity of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one consecutive year, for the purpose of leisure, business and other purposes."

In relation to a particular country in international statistics, the following types of tourism are distinguished:

a) domestic tourism, i.e. travel of residents within their own country;

b) inbound tourism, i.e. travel in any country of persons who are not its inhabitants;

c) outbound tourism, i.е. travel of residents of a country to another country.

Based on the above types of tourism, the following categories of tourism are formed:

1) tourism within the country, including domestic and inbound tourism;

2) national tourism, which covers domestic and outbound tourism;

3) international tourism, consisting of inbound and outbound tourism.

All types of tourism apply both to the country as a whole and to individual regions, districts and territories. At the same time, the term "domestic tourism" used in the tourism context differs from the similar concept used in the system of national accounts of the SNA. From the point of view of tourism, the definition "internal" is used in relation to the travel of the inhabitants of a country within its borders. From the point of view of the SNA, it refers in general to activities related to tourism and to the expenditures of both permanent residents and non-residents who travel within a given country, i.e. both domestic and inbound tourism.